Terminologia do sistema de negociação

Noções básicas de sistemas de negociação.
Muitos traders se depararam com propagandas de sistemas de negociação que prometem gerar sinais lucrativos de compra ou venda para retornos anuais de três dígitos. É claro que os traders experientes sabem que esses sistemas de negociação não seriam vendidos por algumas centenas de dólares se fossem capazes de gerar consistentemente retornos tão altos.
Os sistemas de negociação parecem funcionar.
Por outro lado, não há dúvida de que alguns sistemas de negociação são tremendamente bem-sucedidos. O fundo de hedge americano Renaissance Technologies LLC gerou um retorno anual de 71,8% entre 1994 e meados de 2014 usando sistemas de negociação quantitativos. E não há dúvida de que eles não são a única empresa que usa essas tecnologias.
O objetivo deste tutorial é apresentar a você sistemas de negociação, explorar como eles são construídos e, finalmente, fornecer o conhecimento necessário para começar a experimentar por conta própria.
Na próxima seção, definiremos quais são os sistemas de negociação, descrevemos seus componentes e discutimos suas vantagens e desvantagens.

Tutorial de Negociação Eletrônica.
O comércio de ações e commodities é anterior à invenção do computador - para não mencionar o telégrafo e o telefone. Pré-tecnologia, as primeiras trocas eram pouco mais do que reuniões informais de empresários locais que tinham interesses em comum, como um comprador de trigo e um vendedor de trigo. Com o tempo, as reuniões tornaram-se mais formais e organizadas à medida que os participantes elaboravam regras e regulamentos comuns. Eventualmente, o protesto aberto evoluiu - um sistema em que lances verbais e sinais manuais são usados ​​para transmitir informações nos pregões das bolsas.
Em 1969, a Instinet (originalmente denominada Redes Institucionais) lançou o primeiro sistema automatizado para instituições dos EUA para contornar o pregão e negociar diretamente entre si em uma base confidencial. A Nasdaq apareceu em cena dois anos depois, em 1971. Inicialmente, era um sistema de cotação automatizada que permitia aos corretores ver os preços que outras empresas ofereciam - mas as negociações ainda eram feitas por telefone.
DOT e SOES.
Vários anos depois, a Bolsa de Valores de Nova York criou o sistema Turnaround de Pedido Designado (DOT), que permitia aos corretores encaminhar pedidos diretamente a especialistas no pregão. Em 1984, o SuperDOT de última geração surgiu, permitindo que até 100.000 compartilhamentos fossem enviados ao plenário de uma só vez.
Eventualmente, a Nasdaq ofereceu seu próprio sistema de negociação automatizado - o Small Order Execution System (SOES) - e outras bolsas logo seguiram o exemplo.
Enquanto o criptografado aberto ainda é usado hoje em um grau limitado, ele foi quase totalmente substituído por sistemas eletrônicos que oferecem menos erros, execução mais rápida e melhor eficiência. O comércio eletrônico domina o mundo financeiro e pode ser útil para investidores e traders entenderem como ele funciona. Para ajudar você a começar, veja uma breve análise do comércio eletrônico, incluindo as trocas e a tecnologia principal.

Glossário de terminologia de negociação.
Sugerimos que você use a Investopedia para quaisquer outros termos que não sejam cobertos aqui.
Agressivo - Uma estratégia de investimento com tolerância a risco acima da média, com a expectativa de retornos acima da média. Estratégias agressivas geralmente favorecem a compra de ações de empresas em rápido crescimento, a compra de margem e a negociação de opções.
Buy and Hold - Uma estratégia de investimento em que as ações são compradas e mantidas por um longo período de tempo, independentemente das flutuações do mercado. Esta estratégia baseia-se no pressuposto de que, a muito longo prazo (10-20 anos), os preços das acções irão subir e o mercado no seu conjunto aumentará, apesar de flutuações a curto prazo devido a ciclos de negócios ou aumento da inflação. As comissões de comércio são reduzidas através da compra e venda com menos frequência e os impostos são frequentemente reduzidos ou diferidos, mantendo as posições por mais tempo.
COMPRA EM ABERTO - Se você deseja implementar este tipo de ordem de negociação, deverá fazer um pedido de mercado antes que o mercado seja aberto para negociação (9:30 AM EST). Ao colocar uma ordem de mercado, sua negociação será preenchida a qualquer preço de abertura naquela manhã.
Ganho de capital - O valor pelo qual o preço de venda de um ativo excede seu preço de compra inicial. Um ganho de capital realizado é o lucro resultante da venda de um investimento. Um ganho de capital não realizado é um investimento que ainda não foi vendido, mas que resultaria em lucro se vendido. Os ganhos de capital geralmente recebem um tratamento fiscal mais favorável do que os ganhos comuns. Dependendo do seu suporte fiscal e da duração de um ativo de capital, você pode pagar cerca de um terço a metade do imposto sobre um ganho de capital do que teria pago sobre a mesma quantia da renda ordinária.
Perda de capital - A perda que resulta da venda de um ativo de capital. O rendimento ordinário pode ser compensado com perdas de capital até um máximo de US $ 3.000 por ano e as perdas de capital excedentes podem ser transportadas indefinidamente até esgotadas.
Fechar uma posição - Para terminar um investimento. Fechar uma posição comprada exige vender, e fechar uma posição curta exige a compra.
Conservador - Uma estratégia de investimento cautelosa e avessa ao risco. A preservação do capital é uma alta prioridade para um investidor conservador.
Cobertura - Para recomprar um contrato anteriormente vendido.
Valor atual de mercado - O valor atual de uma carteira de títulos a preços correntes de mercado.
Day Trader - Um operador de ações muito ativo que compra e vende o mesmo título muito rapidamente, executa um grande número de negócios a cada dia e geralmente fecha todas as posições no final de cada dia de negociação.
Diversificação - Uma estratégia de portfólio focada na redução da exposição ao risco, combinando uma variedade de investimentos que provavelmente não irão se mover na mesma direção. A diversificação reduz o potencial de crescimento e desvantagem e permite um desempenho mais consistente sob uma ampla gama de condições econômicas. Um portfólio diversificado pode conter ações, títulos e imóveis.
Patrimônio líquido - Participação acionária em uma empresa na forma de ações ordinárias ou preferenciais. Também pode ser expresso como ativo total menos o total do passivo, denominado "patrimônio líquido", "patrimônio líquido" ou "valor contábil". No contexto de uma conta de negociação de futuros, é o valor dos títulos na conta, assumindo que a conta é liquidada ao preço corrente. No contexto de uma conta de corretagem, é o valor líquido da conta (o valor dos títulos na conta menos os requisitos de margem).
Análise Fundamental - Um método usado para avaliar o valor de um título, através do qual um investidor examinaria cuidadosamente as operações e operações financeiras da empresa, particularmente vendas, lucros, potencial de crescimento, ativos, dívida, gestão, produtos e números de concorrência. A análise fundamental considera as variáveis ​​que estão diretamente relacionadas à própria empresa, enquanto a análise técnica considera o estado geral do mercado.
Estratégia de Crescimento - Uma estratégia baseada no investimento em empresas que estão crescendo mais rápido do que outras no mesmo setor, com o objetivo de gerar ganhos de capital em vez de dividendos.
Fundos de hedge - Um fundo que tem permissão para usar estratégias agressivas que não estão disponíveis para fundos mútuos, incluindo venda a descoberto, alavancagem, negociação de programas, swaps, arbitragem e derivativos. Usados ​​geralmente por indivíduos e instituições abastadas, os fundos de hedge são restritos por lei a não mais do que 100 investidores por fundo e, como resultado, a maioria dos fundos de hedge estabelece valores de investimento extremamente altos (variando de US $ 250.000 a mais de US $ 1 milhão). Os investidores em fundos de hedge pagam uma taxa de administração, bem como uma porcentagem dos lucros (geralmente 20%).
IRA (Conta de Aposentadoria Individual) - Uma conta de aposentadoria com imposto diferido para um indivíduo que permite que o indivíduo reserve até US $ 2.000 por ano, com rendimentos impostos diferidos até que os levantamentos comecem aos 59 anos ou mais. em um banco, fundo mútuo ou corretagem. Somente aqueles que não participam de um plano de pensão no trabalho ou que participam e atendem a determinadas diretrizes de renda podem fazer contribuições dedutíveis para um IRA. Todos os outros podem fazer contribuições para um IRA em uma base não dedutível. Tais contribuições se qualificam como uma dedução do lucro auferido naquele ano e os juros acumulam impostos diferidos até que os fundos sejam sacados.
Longo Prazo - Um longo período de tempo, ou para uma estratégia de investimento comprar e manter.
LIMIT ORDER - Uma ordem limite indica o preço máximo que você está disposto a pagar por uma ação. Você pode usar esse tipo de ordem para evitar a entrada de uma posição se um estoque abrir para cima ou para baixo na abertura e você quiser evitar entrar com um preço extremo. As ordens limitadas também podem ser combinadas com as ordens "comprar" ou "vender na parada".
LONG POSITION - Quando você compra uma ação do lado comprado, você está comprando as ações com a esperança de que elas aumentem de preço. Este é exatamente o oposto de uma venda a descoberto.
Conta de Margem - Uma conta de cliente sofisticada em uma corretora que permite que um investidor compre títulos com dinheiro emprestado do corretor. As contas de margem geralmente oferecem baixas taxas de juros em empréstimos com margem para encorajar os investidores a comprar com margem. O Federal Reserve limita a margem de empréstimo a no máximo 50% do valor investido, mas algumas corretoras têm exigências ainda mais rigorosas.
Money Management - O processo de gestão de dinheiro, incluindo investimentos, orçamentos, bancos e impostos.
Abra uma posição - para abrir um investimento. A abertura de uma posição comprada exige a compra e a abertura de uma posição curta exige a venda.
Indicador Overbought / Oversold - Uma ferramenta de análise técnica que tenta definir quando os preços avançaram muito e rapidamente em qualquer direção. Este indicador é calculado com base em uma média móvel da diferença entre o número de problemas de avanço e de queda ao longo de um determinado período de tempo. O analista venderá se o mercado for considerado sobrecomprado e vice-versa.
Gerenciamento de riscos - O processo de analisar a exposição ao risco e determinar a melhor forma de lidar com essa exposição.
Tolerância ao risco - Uma capacidade do investidor para lidar com declínios no valor de sua carteira.
S & amp; P 500 - Standard & amp; Pobre 500. Uma cesta de 500 ações que são consideradas amplamente mantidas. O índice S & P 500 é ponderado pelo valor de mercado, e seu desempenho é considerado representativo do mercado de ações como um todo (mais de 70% de todo o patrimônio dos EUA é rastreado pelo S & P 500). O índice seleciona suas empresas com base em seu tamanho de mercado, liquidez e setor. A maioria das empresas do índice são sólidas empresas de mid cap ou large cap. A maioria dos especialistas considera o S & amp; P 500 um dos melhores valores de referência disponíveis para avaliar o desempenho geral do mercado dos EUA.
Curto - O estado de ter vendido um estoque curto sem tê-lo coberto (recomprou um contrato anteriormente vendido).
Venda a descoberto - Empréstimo de um corretor ou contrato de futuros de commodities de um corretor e sua venda, com o entendimento de que ele deve ser posteriormente comprado de volta e devolvido ao corretor. A venda a descoberto é uma técnica usada por investidores que tentam lucrar com a queda do preço de uma ação. O corretor do investidor emprestará as ações de alguém que as possui com a promessa de que o investidor irá devolvê-las mais tarde. O investidor vende imediatamente as ações emprestadas ao preço de mercado atual. Se o preço das ações cair, ele / ela "cobre a posição vendida" comprando de volta as ações, e seu corretor as devolverá ao credor. O lucro é a diferença entre o preço pelo qual a ação foi vendida e o custo para comprá-la de volta, menos as comissões e as despesas de empréstimo da ação. Mas se o preço das ações aumenta, as perdas potenciais são ilimitadas.
Spread - A diferença entre o lance atual e o pedido atual (em negociação no mercado de balcão) ou oferecido (em troca de negociação) de um determinado título. SP500 ou S & P500 - O S & P 500 é um dos benchmarks mais utilizados para o mercado global de produtos em U. S. O (DJIA) Dow Jones Industrial Average era ao mesmo tempo o índice mais renomado das ações americanas, mas como o DJIA contém apenas 30 empresas, a maioria concorda que o S & P 500 é uma representação melhor do mercado dos EUA. De fato, para muitos, é a definição do mercado. Quando você ouvir no noticiário da noite que "o mercado subiu hoje", o repórter provavelmente está se referindo a um aumento no S & P 500. As empresas incluídas no índice são selecionadas pelo Comitê de Índice S & P, que é uma equipe de analistas e economistas da Standard and Poor's. O S & P 500 é um índice ponderado de valor de mercado, o que significa que o peso de cada ação no índice é proporcional ao seu valor de mercado.
Análise técnica - Um método de avaliação de títulos, com base na suposição de que os dados de mercado, como gráficos de preço, volume e participação em aberto, podem ajudar a prever tendências futuras do mercado. Os analistas técnicos acreditam que podem prever com precisão o preço futuro de uma ação, observando seus preços históricos e outras variáveis ​​de negociação. A análise técnica pressupõe que a psicologia do mercado influencia a negociação de uma maneira que permite prever quando um estoque vai subir ou cair. Por essa razão, muitos analistas técnicos também são market timers, que acreditam que a análise técnica pode ser aplicada tão facilmente ao mercado como um todo quanto a uma ação individual. Ao contrário da análise fundamental, o valor intrínseco da segurança não é considerado.
Ticker Symbol - Um sistema de letras usado para identificar unuely um estoque ou fundo mútuo. Símbolos com até três letras são usados ​​para ações listadas e negociadas em uma bolsa. Símbolos com quatro letras são usados ​​para ações da NASDAQ. Símbolos com cinco letras são usados ​​para ações da NASDAQ que não sejam emissões únicas de ações ordinárias. Símbolos com cinco letras terminadas em X são usados ​​para fundos mútuos.
Volatilidade - A taxa relativa na qual o preço de um título sobe e desce. A volatilidade é encontrada calculando o desvio padrão anualizado da mudança diária no preço. Se o preço de uma ação sobe e desce rapidamente em curtos períodos de tempo, ela tem alta volatilidade. Se o preço quase nunca muda, tem baixa volatilidade.
Volume - O número de ações, títulos ou contratos negociados durante um determinado período, para um título ou uma troca inteira.

Terminologia do sistema de negociação
A Plataforma TSL completa criará sistemas direcionais de mercado único, pares, portfólios e sistemas de cobertura com opções integradas. Sistemas de negociação com gerenciamento de dinheiro evoluído e esquemas de alocação de ativos também estão disponíveis (veja demonstrações). Os projetos de consultoria estão sendo aceitos gerando soluções personalizadas para fundos de hedge, programas de contas gerenciadas e operadores individuais. Baixe a descrição do produto aqui:
Ligue para 1-408-356-1800 ou envie-nos um e-mail para comprar uma cópia da plataforma completa, solicitar sistemas de negociação individuais ou para obter informações sobre relações comerciais estratégicas. Um número limitado de plataformas TSL completas será vendido.

Aprenda a negociar o mercado.
NIAL FULLER.
Trader profissional, autor e treinador de negociação.
Nial Fuller é um trader profissional, autor e amp; treinador que é considerado & # 8216; A Autoridade & # 8217; em negociação de ação de preço. Em 2016, a Nial venceu a competição Million Dollar Trader. Ele tem um público mensal de 250.000 comerciantes e já ensinou mais de 20.000 alunos. Leia mais & # 8230;
Parte 2: Terminologia de Negociação Forex.
Terminologia de Negociação Forex.
O mercado Forex vem com seu próprio conjunto de termos e jargões. Portanto, antes de aprofundar o aprendizado sobre como negociar o mercado de Fx, é importante entender algumas das terminologias básicas do Forex que você encontrará em sua jornada de negociação ...
Taxa cruzada & # 8211; A taxa de câmbio entre duas moedas, ambas as quais não são as moedas oficiais do país no qual a cotação da taxa de câmbio é dada. Esta frase também é usada algumas vezes para se referir a cotações de moedas que não envolvem o dólar americano, independentemente de em que país a cotação é fornecida.
Por exemplo, se uma taxa de câmbio entre a libra britânica e o iene japonês fosse citada em um jornal americano, isso seria considerado uma taxa cruzada nesse contexto, porque nem a libra nem o iene são a moeda padrão dos EUA. a taxa de câmbio entre a libra e o dólar dos EUA foi cotada no mesmo jornal, não seria considerada uma taxa cruzada porque a cotação envolve a moeda oficial dos EUA.
Taxa de Câmbio & # 8211; O valor de uma moeda expresso em termos de outra. Por exemplo, se EUR / USD é 1.3200, 1 Euro vale US $ 1.3200.
Pip - O menor incremento de movimento de preços que uma moeda pode fazer. Também chamado de ponto ou pontos. Por exemplo, 1 pip para o EUR / USD = 0,0001 e 1 pip para o USD / JPY = 0,01.
Alavancagem & # 8211; Alavancagem é a capacidade de direcionar sua conta para uma posição maior que a margem total da sua conta. Por exemplo, se um comerciante tiver US $ 1.000 de margem em sua conta e ele abrir uma posição de US $ 100.000, ele alavancará sua ação em 100 vezes, ou seja, 100: 1. Se ele abrir uma posição de $ 200.000 com $ 1.000 de margem em sua conta, sua alavancagem será de 200 vezes, ou 200: 1. Aumentar sua alavancagem aumenta os ganhos e as perdas.
Para calcular a alavancagem usada, divida o valor total de suas posições em aberto pelo saldo total de margem em sua conta. Por exemplo, se você tiver $ 10.000 de margem em sua conta e abrir um lote padrão de USD / JPY (100.000 unidades da moeda base) para $ 100.000, seu índice de alavancagem será de 10: 1 ($ 100.000 / $ 10.000). Se você abrir um lote padrão de EUR / USD para US $ 150.000 (100.000 x EURUSD 1.5000), seu índice de alavancagem é de 15: 1 (US $ 150.000 / US $ 10.000).
Margem & # 8211; O depósito necessário para abrir ou manter uma posição. A margem pode ser "livre" & # 8221; ou & # 8220; usado & # 8221 ;. Margem usada é aquela quantia que está sendo usada para manter uma posição aberta, enquanto margem livre é a quantia disponível para abrir novas posições. Com um saldo de US $ 1.000 em sua conta e um requerimento de margem de 1% para abrir uma posição, você pode comprar ou vender uma posição no valor de até US $ 100.000. Isso permite que um comerciante aproveite sua conta em até 100 vezes ou uma taxa de alavancagem de 100: 1.
Se a conta de um operador cair abaixo do valor mínimo necessário para manter uma posição aberta, ele receberá uma chamada de margem & # 8220; & # 8221; exigindo que ele adicione mais dinheiro em sua conta ou feche a posição aberta. A maioria dos corretores fechará automaticamente uma negociação quando o saldo da margem cair abaixo da quantia necessária para mantê-la aberta. O montante necessário para manter uma posição aberta depende do corretor e pode ser de 50% da margem original necessária para abrir o negócio.
Spread & # 8211; A diferença entre a cotação de venda e a cotação de compra ou o preço de oferta e oferta. Por exemplo, se as cotações do EUR / USD lerem 1.3200 / 03, o spread será a diferença entre 1.3200 e 1.3203, ou 3 pips. Para equilibrar um negócio, uma posição deve se mover na direção do negócio por um valor igual ao spread.
• Os principais pares de Forex e seus apelidos:
• Compreender cotações de par de moedas Forex:
Você precisará entender como ler corretamente uma cotação de par de moedas antes de começar a negociá-las. Então, vamos começar com isso:
A taxa de câmbio de duas moedas é cotada em um par, como o EURUSD ou o USDJPY. A razão para isso é porque em qualquer transação de câmbio você está simultaneamente comprando uma moeda e vendendo outra. Se você comprasse o EURUSD e o euro se fortalecesse em relação ao dólar, estaria, então, em um negócio lucrativo. Veja um exemplo de uma cotação do dólar para o euro versus o dólar americano:
A primeira moeda no par localizado à esquerda da barra diagonal é chamada de moeda base, e a segunda moeda do par localizado à direita do mercado de barra é chamada de moeda de contagem ou cotação.
Se você comprar o EUR / USD (ou qualquer outro par de moedas), a taxa de câmbio informa quanto você precisa pagar em termos da moeda de cotação para comprar uma unidade da moeda base. Em outras palavras, no exemplo acima, você tem que pagar 1.32105 dólares para comprar 1 euro.
Se você vender o par EUR / USD (ou qualquer outro par de moedas), a taxa de câmbio informará quanto da moeda de cotação você recebe por vender uma unidade da moeda base. Em outras palavras, no exemplo acima, você receberá 1,32105 dólares americanos se vender 1 euro.
Uma maneira fácil de pensar sobre isso é assim: a moeda BASE é a base para o comércio. Então, se você comprar o EURUSD você está comprando euros (moeda base) e vendendo dólares (moeda de cotação), se você vender o EURUSD você está vendendo euros (moeda base) e comprando dólares (moeda de cotação). Então, se você compra ou vende um par de moedas, é sempre baseado na primeira moeda do par; a moeda base.
O ponto básico da negociação Forex é comprar um par de moedas, se você acha que sua moeda base irá apreciar (aumentar em valor) em relação à moeda de cotação. Se você acha que a moeda base irá depreciar (perder valor) em relação à moeda de cotação, você venderia o par.
Preço da Proposta - O lance é o preço pelo qual o mercado (ou seu corretor) comprará um par de moedas específico de você. Assim, ao preço da proposta, um comerciante pode vender a moeda base ao seu corretor.
Pergunte Preço - O preço de venda é o preço pelo qual o mercado (ou seu corretor) irá vender um par de moedas específico para você. Assim, ao preço de venda, você pode comprar a moeda base do seu corretor.
Bid / Ask Spread - A propagação de um par de moedas varia entre os corretores e é a diferença entre a oferta e pedir o preço.

Nós compilamos este glossário de várias fontes para ajudá-lo a entender termos comumente usados ​​na indústria de futuros e em nossos mercados.
Equity da conta.
O patrimônio líquido de uma conta FUTURES, conforme determinado pela combinação do saldo contábil com qualquer ganho ou perda não realizado em posições abertas, conforme marcado para o mercado.
Executivo de contas.
O agente de uma casa de comissionamento que atende clientes / negociantes inserindo suas ordens de futuros e opções de commodities, reportando execuções comerciais, aconselhando estratégias de negociação, etc.
Mês Ativo.
Normalmente, o mês de contrato mais ativo, geralmente mais próximo da entrega.
ACT ou CEA.
O termo & quot; Act & quot; Ou “Cea” significa o Ato de Troca de Mercadoria, conforme alterado de tempos em tempos.
Uma mercadoria física real que alguém está comprando ou vendendo, E. G., soja, milho, ouro, prata, títulos do Tesouro, etc.
Preço de futuros ajustado.
O preço equivalente a dinheiro refletido no preço atual dos futuros. Isso é calculado considerando os tempos de preço de futuros O fator de conversão para o instrumento financeiro específico (E. G., obrigação ou nota) sendo entregue.
Contra Reais.
Uma transação geralmente usada por dois hedgers que querem trocar futuros por posições em dinheiro. Também referido como "Exchange for Physicals" (EFP) ou & quot; versus numerário & quot ;.
Sistema de Reivindicação de Alocação (ACS)
Sistema eletrônico de desistência da CME. O ACS permite que as firmas executivas renunciem (aloquem) as negociações ao preço de execução para as empresas de transporte designadas, utilizando seus sistemas atuais de entrada comercial e o Sistema de Gerenciamento de Comércio da CME. O ACS pode ser utilizado para negociações executadas e entregues a uma única empresa, bem como para operações entregues a várias empresas (consulte Sistema de Desistência).
Ordem All-or-None (AON).
Uma ordem a ser executada em contratos designados em uma área de negociação por meio de manifestações somente por toda sua quantidade a um preço único, com um tamanho igual ou superior a um limite predeterminado.
Procedimento de entrega alternativa (ADP)
Uma provisão de um contrato de futuros que permite que compradores e vendedores façam e recebam entrega sob termos ou condições que diferem daqueles prescritos no contrato. Um Adp pode ocorrer a qualquer momento durante o período de entrega, uma vez que posições de futuros longas e curtas tenham sido correspondidas para o propósito de entrega.
Associação Americana de Gás (AGA)
Associação Americana de Gás. Maior associação comercial da indústria de gás natural, com sede em Alexandria, Virgínia. A AGA realiza pesquisas técnicas e ajuda a criar padrões para equipamentos e produtos envolvidos em todas as facetas da indústria de gás natural. Também compila estatísticas que são consideradas padrões da indústria.
Instituto Americano do Petróleo (API)
A principal associação comercial da indústria petrolífera dos EUA, sediada em Washington, D. C. API, realiza pesquisas e define padrões técnicos para equipamentos e produtos da indústria, desde o poço até o ponto de venda. Também compila estatísticas que são consideradas benchmarks da indústria.
Sociedade americana para materiais de teste (ASTM)
As especificações de grau e qualidade para produtos de petróleo e metais são determinadas pelo método Astm nos métodos de teste.
Opção de estilo americano.
Tipo de contrato de opção que pode ser exercido a critério do comprador em qualquer dia de negociação até e incluindo a data de vencimento. Isso difere de uma opção de estilo europeu, que só pode ser exercida na data de vencimento.
Gravidade API.
A Escala Criada Pelo Instituto Americano De Petróleo Para Indicar A 'Luminosidade' Ou 'Peso' De Óleos Crus E Outros Hidrocarbonetos Lúcidos. Calibrado em graus de Api (ou graus Api), é usado para expressar a densidade relativa do óleo. A escala é uma medida inversa - o isqueiro o bruto a mais alta a gravidade de Api, e vice-versa. O mais alto o grau de Api, o mais alto O valor de mercado do hidrocarboneto sendo medido. Petróleo com Api Superior a 30º é Termed Light; Entre 22º e 30º, Médio; Abaixo de 22º, Heavy; E abaixo de 10º, Extra Heavy.
Interface de Programa de Aplicação (API)
O método específico prescrito por um sistema operacional de computador ou por um programa de aplicativo pelo qual um programador que escreve um programa aplicativo pode se comunicar com o sistema operacional ou outro aplicativo.
Provedor de serviços de aplicativos (ASP)
Provedor de serviços de aplicativos (Asp); Uma empresa que oferece às pessoas e empresas acesso através da Internet para aplicativos e serviços relacionados que caso contrário teriam de ser localizados em seus computadores pessoais.
Portadores Aprovados.
Transportadoras blindadas aprovadas pela Bolsa de Transporte de Ouro, Platina e Paládio.
Instalação de Entrega Aprovada.
Qualquer banco, depósito, almoxarifado, usina, depósito, planta ou elevador autorizado pela Bolsa para entrega de contratos de câmbio.
Armazém Aprovado.
Qualquer depósito que tenha sido oficialmente aprovado pela bolsa e do qual as entregas reais de mercadorias possam ser feitas em contratos futuros.
A compra simultânea de dinheiro, futuros ou opções em um mercado contra a venda de caixa, futuros ou opções em um mercado diferente, a fim de lucrar com uma disparidade de preços.
Também chamado de "oferta". Indica a vontade de vender futuros ou opções sobre contratos futuros a um determinado preço.
Como-Of Trade.
Um comércio incomparável de um dia anterior que é submetido novamente ao sistema de compensação da Cme; O comércio é submetido & quot; como de & quot; A data de negociação original.
Para testar um metal ou um óleo para pureza ou qualidade.
Atribuição (opções)
O processo pelo qual a câmara de compensação da CME, em resposta a um longo exercício de sua opção, seleciona aleatoriamente um vendedor para cumprir sua obrigação de comprar ou vender o contrato futuro subjacente a seu preço de exercício. O vendedor atribuído de uma put deve comprar o contrato de futuros subjacente; o vendedor designado de uma chamada deve vender o contrato de futuros subjacente.
Atribuições (Entrega)
O processo pelo qual a câmara de compensação do CME seleciona a posição longa para aceitar a entrega em um contrato para o qual um vendedor enviou um aviso de entrega.
Gás Associado.
Gás Natural Presente Em Um Reservatório De Petróleo Bruto, Separado Ou Em Solução Com O Petróleo.
Pessoa Associada (AP)
Uma pessoa, comumente chamada de corretora de commodities, associada e solicitando clientes e pedidos de um comerciante de comissão de futuros ou de um corretor de introdução. O PA deve passar por um exame da Série 3, ser licenciado pela Comissão de Negociação de Futuros de Commodities e ser membro da National Futures Association.
No dinheiro.
A opção com um preço de exercício (ou exercício) mais próximo do preço do futuro subjacente.
Automated Trading System (ATS)
Sistema de negociação automatizado (ATS); um método de negociação no qual um computador toma decisões e digita ordens sem que uma pessoa insira essas ordens. Esta é uma forma programática de representar o comerciante.
Exercício Automático.
Após a expiração das opções, uma opção que esteja dentro do dinheiro é exercida automaticamente pela câmara, a menos que o titular da opção apresente instruções específicas em contrário. Por favor, consulte as especificações do contrato individual para diretrizes de Exercício Automático.
Volume diário médio.
Volume por um período de tempo especificado dividido pelo número de dias úteis dentro desse mesmo período de tempo.
Sistema de Preço Médio (APS)
A Regra 553 permite que as empresas de compensação, em circunstâncias definidas, confirmem os preços médios quando vários preços são recebidos na execução de um pedido ou de uma série de pedidos ("média de série") durante uma única sessão de negociação. O Aps é o veículo através do qual o Exchange calcula um preço médio. Em seguida, as empresas alocam tais negociações (pelo preço médio) para a empresa escrituradora (S) ou podem subalocar essas transações para as contas de clientes em seus livros.
Temperatura média.
A média das altas e baixas temperaturas de um dia, da meia-noite à meia-noite.
O Número De Posições Abertas No Contrato No Fim Da Negociação No Dia De Negociação Selecionado.
Rede usada para interconectar várias redes.
Voltar meses.
Os futuros ou opções sobre contratos futuros sendo negociados que estão além da expiração do contrato atual ou do “mês da frente”. Também chamado de meses diferidos ou distantes.
Backspreads.
Vendendo uma ou mais opções no dinheiro e comprando um número maior de opções fora do dinheiro. As cópias posteriores podem gerar lucros comerciais se a volatilidade implícita aumentar e / ou o preço do instrumento subjacente se mover suficientemente na direção antecipada.
Backwardation
Situação do mercado em que os preços futuros são mais baixos nos meses de entrega subsequentes. Também conhecido como mercado invertido. O oposto do contango.
Balança comercial.
A diferença entre as importações e exportações de um país.
Um gráfico de preços, volume e juros em aberto por um período de tempo especificado usado pelo chartist para prever tendências de mercado. Por exemplo, um gráfico de barras diário representa os preços de abertura, alta, baixa e liquidação de cada sessão de negociação.
Uma unidade de medida de volume usada para petróleo e produtos refinados. 1 barril = 42 galões americanos.
Barris por dia.
Barril por dia (abreviado BPD, bbl / d, bpd, bd ou b / d) é uma medida usada para descrever a quantidade de petróleo bruto (medido em barris) produzido ou consumido por uma entidade em um dia. Por exemplo, um campo de petróleo pode produzir 100.000 bpd e um país pode consumir 1 milhão bpd.
A Quantidade Mínima De Energia Elétrica Fornecida Ou Necessária Durante Um Determinado Período De Tempo A Uma Taxa Estável. Geralmente Referências A Quantidade Mínima de Energia Que Uma Empresa Distribuidora de Serviços Públicos ou de Distribuição Deve Disponibilizar Para Seus Clientes, Ou a Quantidade de Energia Necessária Para Atender às Mínimas Demandas Baseadas em Expectativas Razoáveis ​​de Requisitos do Cliente. Os valores de carga de Basel variam tipicamente de hora a hora na maioria das áreas comerciais e industriais.
Metais básicos.
Cobre, alumínio, chumbo, níquel e estanho. Estes metais são definidos como base porque oxidam ou corroem com relativa facilidade.
Metais básicos.
Cobre, alumínio, chumbo, níquel e estanho. Estes metais são definidos como base porque oxidam ou corroem relativamente facilmente.
A diferença entre o preço à vista ou à vista e o preço de futuros da mesma mercadoria ou de uma mercadoria relacionada. A base é geralmente computada para o futuro próximo e pode representar diferentes períodos de tempo, formas de produtos, qualidades e localizações. O preço do mercado à vista local menos o preço do contrato futuro próximo é igual à base.
Ponto base.
Um centésimo (0,01) de um ponto de índice completo ou porcentagem.
Risco Básico.
A incerteza sobre se o spread futuro de caixa aumentará ou diminuirá entre o momento em que uma posição de hedge é implementada e liquidada.
Uma quantia medida na qual as remessas de petróleo bruto e produtos refinados são enviadas por meio de um pipeline.
Em referência a um gás natural Meausre de capacidade ou fornecimento, um bilhão de pés cúbicos.
Aquele que acredita que os preços vão baixar.
Mercado de Urso.
Um mercado em que os preços estão em declínio.
Bear Spread (Futuros)
Na maioria das commodities e instrumentos financeiros, o termo refere-se à venda do mês do contrato próximo, e compra do contrato diferido, para lucrar com uma mudança na relação de preços.
Bear Spread (Opções)
Um spread vertical envolvendo a venda da chamada de baixa e a compra da chamada de greve mais alta, chamada de spread de chamada de bear. Além disso, um spread vertical envolvendo a venda do patamar inferior e a compra do patamar mais alto, denominado bear spread spread.
Uma medida do retorno de um ativo em relação a um fator ou índice subjacente; por exemplo. a relação entre o movimento de uma ação individual ou de uma carteira e a do mercado de ações global.
Uma oferta para comprar uma quantidade específica de uma mercadoria a um preço declarado ou o preço que os participantes do mercado estão dispostos a pagar.
Bid / Ask Spread.
A diferença de preço entre o lance e o preço de oferta.
Comércio de Blocos.
Um futuro negociado de forma privada ou opção em transação de futuros que é executado além do mercado de leilão público e que é permitido em contratos designados sujeitos a condições especificadas. Essas negociações são regidas pela Regra 526 ("Block Trades").
Volume de Blowoff.
Uma sessão de negociação de volume extraordinariamente alto ocorrendo subitamente em uma tendência de alta, possivelmente sinalizando o fim da tendência.
O Conselho De Diretores Da Bolsa, Ou Qualquer Outro Corpo Que Agir Em Lugar E Com A Autoridade Da Diretoria.
Instrumento negociado no mercado à vista representando uma dívida de uma entidade governamental ou de uma empresa.
Sedimento Inferior & amp; Água (BS e W)
Água frequentemente encontrada no petróleo bruto e no combustível residual.
Fenda de Separação.
Um padrão gráfico descrito pela diferença de preços que pode sinalizar o fim de um padrão de preços e o início de uma importante mudança no mercado.
O ponto em que um comprador ou vendedor de opções não sofre perdas nem lucros em uma opção. O call breakeven é igual ao preço de exercício mais o prêmio; colocar breakeven é igual ao preço de exercício menos o prêmio.
Acordo de Bretton Woods de 1944.
Um acordo que estabeleceu bandas de negociação de taxa fixa para as principais moedas estrangeiras do mundo. O Acordo Também Prevista Para A Intervenção Do Mercado De Moeda Do Banco Central E Amarrou O Preço Do Dólar Americano Ao Ouro A $ 35 Por Onça. O acordo entrou em colapso em 1971, quando o presidente Nixon desvalorizou o dólar e permitiu as principais moedas para "flutuar" No mercado mundial.
Unidade Térmica Britânica (BTU)
A quantidade de calor necessária para aumentar a temperatura de uma libra de água de 1o Fahrenheit. Um Btu é usado como uma medida comum do valor de aquecimento para diferentes combustíveis. Preços de diferentes combustíveis e suas unidades de medida (dólares por barril de petróleo bruto, dólares por tonelada de carvão, centavos por galão de gasolina, centavos por mil pés cúbicos de gás natural) podem ser facilmente comparados quando expressos em dólares e centavos por milhão de Btus .
Índice Futuro de Base Ampliada.
Um contrato de futuros baseado em um índice que não é considerado de base estreita, conforme definido na Seção 1A (25) do Ato de Bolsa de Mercadorias.
A taxa paga a um agente para facilitar a execução de ordens.
Corretora.
Uma empresa que lida com pedidos de compra e venda de contratos de futuros e opções para clientes.
Aquele que espera que os preços subam.
Mercado de touro.
Um mercado em que os preços estão subindo.
Spread Bull (Futuros)
Na maioria das commodities e instrumentos financeiros, o termo refere-se a comprar o mês próximo, e vender o mês diferido, para lucrar com a mudança na relação de preço.
Spread Bull (Opções)
Um spread vertical envolvendo a compra da chamada de baixa e a venda da chamada de greve mais alta, chamada spread de call bull. Além disso, um spread vertical envolvendo a compra do patamar mais baixo e a venda do patamar mais alto, chamado de touro posto spread.
A venda ou compra simultânea de uma de cada uma das séries de contratos futuros consecutivos. Os pacotes fornecem um método prontamente disponível e amplamente aceito para a execução de múltiplos contratos futuros com uma única transação.
Dia de negócios.
Qualquer dia em que o Exchange esteja aberto para negócios.
Opções de borboleta espalhadas.
Uma opção de três pernas, na qual cada perna tem a mesma data de vencimento, mas diferentes preços de exercício.
Propagação da borboleta.
A colocação de dois spreads entre entregas em direções opostas com o mês de entrega central comum a ambos os spreads.
Mercado do Comprador.
Uma condição do mercado em que há uma abundância de bens disponíveis e, portanto, os compradores podem ter recursos para ser seletivos e podem ser capazes de comprar com menos do que o preço que prevalecia anteriormente. Veja o mercado do vendedor.
Os estatutos do Exchange, a menos que especificado de outra forma.
Preço do Gabinete.
Preço nominal para a contratação de contratos de opções deep-out-of-the-money. Definido como o menor preço comercializável possível para essa opção, e é determinado dentro do Sistema de Compensação. Negociações sobre opções feitas a um preço igual a zero são consideradas negociações de gabinete.
Gabinete Comercial (também conhecido como Cabina, Preço do Armário)
Uma negociação que permite que os negociadores de opções executem as opções mais profundas, negociando a opção a um preço menor que o mínimo (com base na convenção mínima permitida de ticks).
Spread de calendário (futuros)
Também chamado de spread intra-commodity. A compra e venda simultâneas do mesmo contrato de futuros, mas meses de contrato diferentes. (isto é, comprar um contrato futuro de setembro da CME S & P 500® e vender um contrato futuro de dezembro CME S & P 500).
Spread de calendário (opções)
A compra e venda simultânea de opções em contratos futuros com o mesmo preço de exercício, mas datas de vencimento diferentes.
Opção de chamada.
Um contrato entre um comprador e um vendedor no qual o comprador paga um prêmio e adquire o direito, mas não a obrigação, de comprar um contrato de futuros especificado no preço de exercício ou antes da expiração. O vendedor recebe um prêmio e é obrigado a entregar ou vender o contrato futuro no preço de exercício especificado, caso um comprador opte por exercer a opção. Veja também American Style Option e European Style Option.
Um contrato de fornecimento entre um comprador e um vendedor, pelo qual o comprador está seguro de que não terá que pagar mais do que um preço máximo determinado. Este tipo de contrato é análogo a uma opção de compra.
Em referência à eletricidade, a carga máxima que uma unidade geradora ou estação geradora pode carregar sob condições especificadas por um determinado período de tempo sem exceder os limites de aprovação de temperatura e estresse.
Capacidade (comprada)
A Quantidade De Energia Elétrica E Capacidade Disponível Para Compra De Fora De Um Sistema De Utilidade.
Um contrato ou unidade de negociação. Originalmente, um contrato, ou & quot; carro & quot; era a quantidade de uma mercadoria que encheria um vagão de trem. Veja também muito.
Carrying Charge
Para commodities físicas, como grãos e metais, o custo do espaço de armazenamento, seguro e encargos financeiros incorridos pela manutenção de uma mercadoria física. Nos mercados futuros de taxa de juros, refere-se ao diferencial entre o rendimento de um instrumento de caixa e o custo de recursos necessários para a compra do instrumento. Também conhecido como custo de transporte.
Carregando empresa.
Uma empresa que carrega em seus livros posições que foram executadas por ela ou por outra empresa.
Estoques do fim do ano passado de uma mercadoria armazenável.
Commodity em dinheiro.
A mercadoria física real ou instrumento financeiro como distinto do contrato futuro que é baseado na mercadoria física ou instrumento financeiro. Também conhecido como "spot".
Dinheiro Para Futuros.
Veja Exchange For Physicals.
Mercado à vista.
Um lugar onde as pessoas compram e vendem as mercadorias reais, ou seja, elevador de grãos, banco, etc. O ponto geralmente se refere a um preço de mercado à vista de uma mercadoria física que está disponível para entrega imediata. Um contrato a termo é um contrato em dinheiro no qual um vendedor concorda em entregar uma mercadoria específica em dinheiro a um comprador em algum momento no futuro. Contratos a prazo, em contraste com contratos futuros, são negociados de forma privada e não são padronizados.
Preço em dinheiro.
Preço de mercado atual da mercadoria real ou física. Também chamado de preço à vista.
Vendas em dinheiro.
A venda de commodities em mercados de caixa locais, como elevadores, terminais, casas de embalagem e mercados de leilão.
Liquidação em dinheiro.
Um método de liquidação usado em certos contratos futuros e de opção em que, no vencimento ou no exercício, o comprador não recebe a mercadoria subjacente, mas a posição de caixa associada. Para os compradores que não desejam tomar posse real da mercadoria física subjacente, a liquidação em dinheiro é, às vezes, um método mais conveniente de transacionar negócios. Por exemplo, o comprador de um E-mini S & P futuro é incapaz de apropriar-se do índice na expiração. Portanto, ele simplesmente paga ou recebe a diferença entre o preço de compra e o preço do contrato de futuros de S & P na liquidação.
Gás Casinghead.
Gás presente em um poço de petróleo que é removido quando ele flui para a superfície da embalagem do poço.
Uma peça retangular plana de metal que foi refinada por eletrólise. O cobre é comumente negociado e entregue desta forma.
A Junta Comercial da cidade de Chicago, Inc.
CEA ou Act.
O termo? Act? ou “CEA” significa o Ato de Troca de Mercadorias, conforme aditado de tempos em tempos.
Banco Central.
Um banco do governo que regulamenta os bancos de um país e gerencia a política monetária de um país. O Federal Reserve é o banco central dos Estados Unidos, enquanto o Banco Central Europeu (BCE) é o banco central da União Monetária Européia.
Certificado de incorporação.
O Certificado de Incorporação da Bolsa, a menos que especificado de outra forma.
Número de cetano.
Uma medida da inflamabilidade do combustível diesel. Combustível Diesel geralmente tem que atender a uma especificação de número de cetano de 40. Como uma medida de desempenho, o número de cetano serve para um propósito semelhante ao número de octano de gasolina.
CFTC ou Comissão.
A Comissão de Negociação de Futuros de Commodities dos EUA, criada pelo Ato de Comissão de Commodity Futures Trading de 1974.
O Presidente Do Conselho De Administração, Ou Um Agindo Em Lugar E Com A Autoridade Do Presidente Do Conselho.
A mudança do dia-a-dia em juros em aberto.
Câmara de Comércio de Chicago (CBOT)
A Junta Comercial da Cidade de Chicago, Inc.
Bolsa Mercantil de Chicago (CME)
Sigla da CHICAGO MERCANTILE EXCHANGE INC. Em 9 de julho de 2007, a Chicago Mercantile Exchange Holdings Inc. ea Chicago Board of Trade Holdings, Inc. concluíram a fusão de suas empresas, criando a maior e mais diversificada bolsa de valores do mundo, agora conhecida como CME Group A CME / Chicago Board of Trade Company.
Chief Executive Officer Ou CEO.
O diretor executivo da Exchange ou um devidamente autorizado a atuar em lugar de e com a autoridade do diretor executivo.
Geralmente Refere-se ao Local em que o gás muda de propriedade ou de responsabilidade de transporte de um duto para uma empresa de distribuição local ou para uma concessionária de gás.
Classe A.
Uma Ação da Classe A Ações Ordinárias da Cme Group Inc. Ações Classe A Não Conferem Direitos de Negociação.
Classe de serviço.
Categorias de vendas de um utilitário, como residencial, comercial, industrial, outras e vendas para revenda.
Carga Limpa.
Produtos refinados, como querosene, gasolina, óleo de aquecimento doméstico e combustível de jato transportado por petroleiros, barcaças e carros-tanque. Todos os produtos refinados, exceto combustíveis de bunker, óleo combustível residual, asfalto e coque.
O procedimento através do qual uma câmara de compensação se torna o comprador para cada vendedor de um contrato de futuros e o vendedor para cada comprador e assume a responsabilidade de assegurar que cada comprador e vendedor desempenhe em cada contrato.
Taxa de Compensação.
Uma taxa cobrada pela troca para cada contrato cancelado. Há também taxas de compensação associadas a entregas, criação de uma posição de futuros resultante de um exercício de opção ou atribuição, Exchange for Physicals (EFP), negociações em bloco, transações de transferência e ajustes.
Clearing Firm.
Uma empresa que trabalha diretamente através da câmara de compensação de uma bolsa para executar negociações em nome de participantes do mercado futuro.
Câmara de compensação
A divisão de uma bolsa de futuros que confirma, liquida e liquida todos os negócios através de uma troca.
Apagar ID.
O Id Alfa-Numérico da Empresa, sob o qual os negócios da empresa serão eliminados.
Membro de compensação.
Uma empresa que atende aos requisitos e aprova a participação no Exchange. O termo & quot; membro de limpeza & quot; conforme usado nas Regras deverá incluir todas as categorias de membros de compensação estabelecidas no Artigo 900, a menos que especificado de outra forma.
Apagando a transação não comercial.
Composto por transferências, troca por físico (Efps), blocos e desistências. Transferências, Blocos e Efps são negociados com privacidade, transações ex-pit, enquanto as concessões se referem ao processamento pós-negociação. & quot; Cancela & quot; E & quot; Substitui & quot; Não gerar compensação de transações não comerciais.
Eliminação de transações comerciais.
Cada negociação combinada entre um comprador e um vendedor gera duas transações comerciais de compensação: uma para o comprador e outra para o vendedor.
Clearport / PNT.
(Negociações com Negociação Privada): A Clearport é o Serviço de Compensação do Grupo Cme para os Mercados de Balcão. Pnt é um acrônimo para negociações privadas negociadas, que podem ser relatadas através do Clearport ou diretamente no Cme Clearing. O Número Nesta Coluna Representa O Número Total De Transações Ex-Pit, Ou Transações Que Foram Concluídas Fora Do Globex Ou Abertas Locais De Negociação.
Funcionário Bona Fide de um membro que foi registrado pela Bolsa para trabalhar no pregão.
O período no final do pregão oficialmente designado pela bolsa durante o qual todas as transações são consideradas "feitas no fechamento". Às vezes usado para se referir ao intervalo de fechamento.
Sino De Fechamento.
Qualquer sinal que indique a conclusão do horário normal de negociação em qualquer mercadoria.
Preço final.
O último preço de um contrato no final de um pregão.
Alcance de Fechamento.
Os preços altos e baixos, inclusive ofertas e ofertas, são registrados durante o período designado pela Bolsa como o fechamento do pregão em um determinado contrato.
Chicago Mercantile Exchange Inc.
CME Clearing House.
A divisão da troca através da qual os negócios são liberados, liquidados e garantidos.
CME Clearing House.
A divisão do CME Group que confirma, liquida e liquida todas as negociações do CME Group. A CME Clearing também coleta e mantém fundos de títulos de desempenho, regula a entrega e reporta os dados de negociação.
CME Clearport.
Um serviço de compensação flexível aberto a todos os participantes do mercado Otc, que elimina o risco de crédito de terceiros e fornece eficiência de capital em uma ampla variedade de classes de ativos. Cme Clearport não é uma plataforma de execução ou mandato ou um conjunto de produtos. Ele não é mais limitado a serviços de compensação de energia como no passado, nem é limitado a serviços de compensação em que posições substitutas são substituídas por futuros.
Divisão CME.
A Divisão de Troca Mercantil de Chicago da Bolsa. Os titulares dos juros associados associados à Chicago Mercantile Exchange Holdings Inc. Classe B-1, que foram eleitos para membros, são membros da divisão Cme.
CME Globex.
O primeiro sistema global de negociação eletrônica de futuros e opções evoluiu para se tornar o principal mercado do mundo para negociação de derivativos. Com aprimoramentos contínuos, a plataforma permitiu que a CME, já conhecida por inovação, se transformasse em uma das principais bolsas globais de derivativos financeiros de alta tecnologia.
Qualificadores de duração de pedido do CME Globex.
Cme Globex permite que as encomendas sejam colocadas para várias durações diferentes. Uma ordem inserida no sistema Cme Globex que não contém um qualificador de duração da ordem será cancelada se não for preenchida durante o dia de negociação em que foi recebida ou, se foi recebida entre dias de negociação, durante o próximo dia de negociação. Os Qualificadores de Durações Atuais do Pedido são: Dia / Sessão, Bom ’Till Cancelado (Gtc), Bom’ Till Date (Gtd), Preencher ou Matar (Fok) e Preencher e Matar (Fak).
Tipos de pedido Globex CME.
A plataforma Cme Globex suporta uma ampla variedade de funcionalidades de pedidos, oferecendo conveniência e flexibilidade para atender a uma variedade de necessidades individuais de negociação. A Disponibilidade De Tipos Específicos De Ordens Varia Com Base Nos Mercados, Produtos E Aplicações De Negociação.
ID do usuário do CME Globex.
Um identificador designado para acessar o mecanismo de negociação eletrônica Globex da Cme.
Uma entidade combinada formada pela fusão de 2007 da Bolsa Mercantil de Chicago (Cme) e da Bolsa de Chicago (Cbot). Fornecemos a mais ampla gama de produtos de futuros e opções de referência disponíveis em qualquer bolsa, cobrindo todas as principais classes de ativos.
CME Group Inc.
O CME Group ou CME Group Inc. é o maior e mais diversificado mercado de derivativos do mundo, com trocas que oferecem a mais ampla gama de produtos benchmark globais em todas as principais classes de ativos, incluindo derivativos baseados em taxas de juros, índices de ações, câmbio, energia e agricultura. commodities, metais e clima, bem como serviços de compensação para produtos negociados em bolsa e de balcão.
Cogerador.
Uma instalação de geração que produz eletricidade e outra forma de energia térmica útil (como calor ou vapor), usada para fins industriais, comerciais, de aquecimento ou de resfriamento.
Um contrato de fornecimento entre um comprador e vendedor de uma mercadoria, em que o comprador tem a garantia de que ele não terá que pagar mais do que um preço máximo, e pelo qual o vendedor tem a garantia de receber algum preço mínimo. Isso é análogo a uma cerca ou coleira de opções, também conhecida como faixa à frente.
Ordem de Combinação ou Ordem de Propagação.
Uma Combinação De Compra E / Ou Venda De Ordens Para A Mesma Conta, Exceto Conforme Fornecido Pela Regra 527, No Mercado, Em Um Diferencial Fixo Ou Por Alguma Outra Convenção De Preços Apropriados. Também referido como uma ordem de propagação.
Utilitário de combinação.
Uma utilidade que forneça o serviço de gás e elétrico.
Comissão.
A taxa única cobrada por um corretor a um cliente quando o cliente executa um futuro ou opção no mercado futuro através da corretora.
Qualquer produto aprovado e designado para negociação ou compensação de acordo com as regras de uma troca. Também pode se referir a uma mercadoria física.
Código de mercadoria.
Um Símbolo Uno Usado Para Identificar Uma Mercadoria Particular Negociou Na Cme Para Finalidades De Enviar Dados Para O Sistema De Compensação. Este código não deve ser confundido com o símbolo do Ticker, que é o código que indica qual preço de mercadoria está sendo cotado.
Commodity Credit Corp.
Uma entidade do governo e operada que foi criada para estabilizar, apoiar e proteger a renda e os preços da fazenda. A Ccc também ajuda a manter fontes balanceadas e adequadas de produtos agrícolas e produtos para a distribuição ordenada.
Troca de mercadorias.
Uma troca que relaciona contratos de futuros designados para a negociação de vários tipos de produtos derivados e permite o uso de suas instalações pelos operadores. Deve cumprir as regras estabelecidas pela Comissão de Negociação de Futuros de Commodities (CFTC).
Ato de Modernização de Futuros de Commodities de 2000 (Cfma)
Ato de Modernização de Futuros de Commodities de 2000.
Comissão de Negociação de Futuros de Commodities.
Também conhecida como CFTC, esta é a organização governamental independente que supervisiona a negociação de futuros e opções nos Estados Unidos.
Comissão de Negociação de Futuros de Commodities (CFTC)
Acrônimo para a Commodity Futures Trading Commission, criada pelo Commodity Futures Trading Commission de 1974. Esta agência governamental regulamenta a indústria de futuros de commodities do país.
Piscina de commodities.
Uma empresa na qual os fundos contribuídos por um número de pessoas são combinados com o objetivo de negociar contratos futuros ou opções de mercadorias.
Operador de Pool de Commodities (CPO)
Um indivíduo ou organização que opera ou solicita fundos para um pool de commodities.
Assessor de Negociação de Commodities (CTA)
Uma pessoa que, para compensação ou lucro, direta ou indiretamente, aconselha os outros quanto ao valor ou à conveniência de comprar ou vender contratos futuros ou opções de mercadorias. Aconselhamento indireto inclui o exercício de autoridade comercial sobre a conta de um cliente, bem como fornecer recomendações através de publicações escritas ou outros meios de comunicação.
Moeda comum.
Moeda que é eliminada ao calcular uma taxa cruzada entre duas moedas quando as suas taxas de câmbio são expressas em termos da moeda comum; normalmente o dólar americano.
Índice de Preços ao Consumidor (IPC)
A medição do preço médio de bens de consumo e serviços adquiridos por famílias dos EUA. É um dos vários índices de preços calculados pelos órgãos nacionais de estatística. A variação percentual no IPC é uma medida da inflação. O IPC pode ser usado para indexar (ou seja, ajustar os efeitos da inflação) salários, salários, pensões ou preços regulados ou contratados.
Mercado Contango.
Uma situação de mercado em que os preços são mais altos nos meses de entrega seguintes do que no mês de entrega mais próximo. Oposto de backwardation.
Contingência (ou contingente).
Uma ordem que se torna eficaz somente após o cumprimento de alguma condição no mercado.
Depending On The Context In Which It Is Used, A Term Of Reference Describing Either A Unit Of Trading In A Particular Futures, Options Or Cleared Product Or A Product Approved And Designated By The Board For Trading Or Clearing Pursuant To The Rules Of The Exchange.
Contract Grades.
The standard grades of commodities or instruments listed in the rules of the exchanges that must be met when delivering cash commodities against futures contracts. Grades are often accompanied by a schedule of discounts and premiums allowable for delivery of commodities of lesser or greater quality than the standard called for by the exchange.
Contract Month/Year.
The month and year in which a given contract is delivered in accordance with the Rules (for physically delivered contracts) or the month and year in which a given contract is finally settled in accordance with the Rules (for cash settled contracts). Synonymous with DELIVERY MONTH/YEAR.
Tamanho do contrato.
The actual amount of a commodity represented in a futures or options contract as specified in the contract specifications.
Control Area.
A Large Geographic Area Within Which A Utility (Or Group Of Utilities) Regulates Electric Power Generation In Order To Maintain Scheduled Interchanges Of Power With Other Control Areas And To Maintain The Required System Frequency.
Control Area Operator.
An Electric Entity That Operates Generating Capacity To Meet Area Demand, Monitors Actual Interchange (Electric Energy Flowing Between Control Areas), And Can Dispatch Generating Resources To Ensure That Actual Interchange Equals Scheduled Interchange.
Controlled Account.
Any Account For Which Trading Is Directed By Someone Other Than The Owner. Also Called A Managed Account Or A Discretionary Account.
Convergence.
A term referring to cash and futures prices tending to come together (i. e., the basis approaches zero) as the futures contract nears expiration.
Conversion (Options)
A delta-neutral arbitrage transaction involving a long futures contract, a long put option, and a short call option. The put and call options have the same strike price and same expiration date.
Cooling Degree Day (CDD)
A Day In Which The Average Daily Temperature Is More Than 65 Degrees Fahrenheit, And Therefore Likely To Be A Day In Which People Turn On Their Air Conditioning. A Cooling Degree Day Is Assigned A Value That Represents The Number Of Degrees That Day'S Average Temperature Exceeds 65 Degrees. For Example, If A Day'S Average Temperature Is 85 Degrees, The Cdd Value For That Day Would Be 20 (85 - 65). If The Average Temperature Is Less Than Or Equal To 65 Degrees, The Cdd Value For The Day Would Be Zero. (The Day Would Not Be Sufficiently Warm Enough To Require Air Conditioning.)
Cooperative (Electric)
A Group Organized Under Law Into A Utility Company That Will Generate, Transmit, Or Distribute Supplies Of Electric Energy To A Specified Area Not Being Serviced By Another Utility. Typically, A Co-Op Is A Not - For-Profit Organization.
Coordination Transactions (Electric)
Short-Term Transactions Undertaken Primarily To Maintain The Integrity Of An Electricity Distribution System.
Cost, Insurance, And Frieght (CIF)
Cost, Insurance, Freight. Term Refers To A Sale In Which The Buyer Agrees To Pay A Unit Price That Includes The Free On Board (Fob) Value At The Port Of Origin Plus All Costs Of Insurance And Transportation. This Type Of Transaction Differs From A "Delivered" Agreement In That It Is Generally Ex-Duty, And The Buyer Accepts The Quantity And Quality At The Loading Port Rather Than Paying For Quality And Quantity As Determined At The Unloading Port. Risk And Title Are Transferred From The Seller To The Buyer At The Loading Port, Although The Seller Is Obliged To Provide Insurance In A Transferable Policy At The Time Of Loading.
Cost Of Carry.
For physical commodities such as grains and metals, the cost of storage space, insurance, and finance charges incurred by holding a physical commodity. In interest rate futures markets, it refers to the differential between the yield on a cash instrument and the cost of funds necessary to buy the instrument. Also referred to as carrying charge.
Contraparte.
The individual or company (i. e., the buyer or seller) on the opposite side of any trade.
Risco do país.
Risk associated with an FX (foreign exchange) transaction, referring to potential political or economic instability.
The interest rate on a debt instrument expressed in terms of a percent on an annualized basis that the issuer guarantees to pay the holder until maturity.
To offset a short futures or options position.
Chamada Coberta.
Position where a call option is sold in concert with a long position in the futures contract.
Crack Spreads.
The simultaneous purchase or sale of crude oil against the sale or purchase of refined petroleum products. These spread differentials which represent refining margins are normally quoted in dollars per barrel by converting the product prices into dollars per barrel (multiply the cents-per-gallon price by 42) and subtracting the crude oil price.
Derivado de crédito.
A credit derivative is a contractual agreement designed to shift credit risk between parties. Originally used primarily by banks to hedge and diversify the credit risk of their customers in the event they could not pay back their loans. In most basic terms, a credit default swap is similar to an insurance contract, providing the buyer, usually a debt holder, with protection against the borrower not repaying the debt.
Derivado de crédito.
A Credit Derivative Is A Contractual Agreement Designed To Shift Credit Risk Between Parties. Originally Used Primarily By Banks To Hedge And Diversify The Credit Risk Of Their Customers In The Event They Could Not Pay Back Their Loans. In Most Basic Terms, A Credit Default Swap Is Similar To An Insurance Contract, Providing The Buyer, Usually A Debt Holder, With Protection Against The Borrower Not Repaying The Debt.
Spread de crédito.
An option spread in which there is a net collection of premium.
Crop (Marketing) Year.
The time span from harvest to harvest for agricultural commodities. The crop marketing year varies slightly with each ag commodity, but it tends to begin at harvest and end before the next year's harvest, e. g., the marketing year for soybeans begins September 1 and ends August 31. The futures contract month of November represents the first major new-crop marketing month, and the contract month of July represents the last major old-crop marketing month for soybeans.
Crop Reports.
Reports compiled by the U. S. Department of Agriculture on various ag commodities that are released throughout the year. Information in the reports includes estimates on planted acreage, yield, and expected production, as well as comparisons to production from previous years.
Cross Hedging.
Hedging a cash commodity using a different but related futures contract when there is no futures contract for the cash commodity being hedged and the cash and futures markets follow similar price trends (e. g., using soybean meal futures to hedge fish meal).
Cruz Margining.
The process of allowing for a reduction in performance bond (margin) requirements. This reduction is possible because risk is reduced when offsetting positions are cleared by the same or affiliated clearing members.
Taxa Cruzada.
The exchange rate between two currencies, in which the home country's currency is not included. In the U. S., the Euro/Yen rate would be considered a cross rate, while in Europe or Japan it would be considered a primary pair.
Cross Trading (CME & CBOT)
Matching Of The Buying Order Of One Customer Against The Selling Order Of Another, A Practice That Is Permissible Only When Executed As Required By Cme Rule 533, Cftc Regulations And Cme Rulebook.
Cross Trading (NYMEX & COMEX)
Offsetting Match Or Trade By A Broker Of The Buy Order Of One Customer Against The Sell Order Of Another, Or A Match Of A Trade Made By A Broker With His Customer, A Practice That Is Permissible Only When Executed In Accordance With The Commodity Exchange Act, Commodity Futures Trading Commission Regulations, And Rules Of The Contract Market. Neither Nymex Division Nor Comex Division Members Are Permitted To Take The Opposite Side Of A Customer'S Order, Except, Under Certain Circumstances, For Trades Involving Long-Dated (Nine Months Or More Forward) Comex Division Copper Futures. Please Consult Cme Group Rule Books For Additional Information.
A mixture of hydrocarbons that exists as a luid in natural underground reservoirs and remains luid at atmospheric pressure after passing through surface separating facilities. Crude is the raw material which is refined into gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, propane, petrochemicals, and other products.
Crush Spread.
In the soybean futures market, the simultaneous purchase of soybean futures and the sale of soybean meal and soybean oil futures to establish a processing margin.
Cubic Feet Per Day (CF/D)
Cubic Feet Per Day. Usually Used To Quantify The Rate Of Flow Of A Gas Well Or Pipeline.
Cubic Foot.
The Most Common Measure Of Gas Volume, Referring To The Amount Of Gas Needed To Fill A Volume Of One Cubic Foot At 14.73 Pounds Per Square Inch Absolute Pressure And 60 Degrees Fahrenheit. One Cubic Foot Of Natural Gas Contains, On Average, 1,027 Btus.
Cumulative Degree Day.
The Sum Of The Daily Heating Degree Day (Hdd) Or Cooling Degree Day (Cdd) Values Over A Specified Period, Usually A Month Or A Season. This Value Would Also Be The Number Recorded In That Month'S Or Season'S Hdd Or Cdd Index Value.
Risco Cambial.
The Potential For A Shift In Exchange Rates, Which Would Be Detrimental To A Trader'S Position.
Current Delivery Month.
The futures contract which matures and becomes deliverable during the present month or the month closest to delivery. Also called the spot month.
Current Yield.
A term used frequently in bond transactions. Current yield is computed by dividing the annual amount of interest by the price paid for the bond or security. If the security is purchased at a discount from the par or principal value, the current yield with be higher than the stated interest or coupon rate.
Cushion Gas.
The Amount Of Gas Required In A Storage Pool To Maintain Sufficient Pressure To Keep The Working Gas Recoverable.
A Designation That Refers To Segregated Clearing Member Firm Trading Activity. Customer Trading Activity And Funds May Not Be Combined With Non-Segregated House Activity Within A Clearing Member Firm.
Customer Type Indicator (CTI)
Customer Type Indicator (As It Pertains To Electronic Trading Systems): A Clearing Indicator, Required At The Time Of Order Entry, Which Indicates For Whom The Order Is Being Entered: Cti 1 = Applies To Orders Entered By A Workstation User For His/Her Own Account Or An Account In Which He/She Has Financial Interest. Cti 2 = Applies To Orders Entered For The Proprietary Account Of The Clearing Firm. Cti 3 = Applies To Orders Entered By A Member, An Eth Permit Holder, Or By An Employee Of A Member Or Eth Permit Holder, For The Account Of Another Member Or Eth Permit Holder (Rule 574.B.) Cti 4 = Applies To All Other Orders That Do Not Fit The Above Three Categories.
Daily Trading Limits.
The maximum price range permitted a contract during one trading session. Trading limits are set by the exchange for certain contracts.
An order that will be canceled if not filled by the conclusion of the Globex trade date for which it was entered.
An order to buy or sell a contract during that trading day only. Session/Day orders that have been placed but not executed during regular trading hours (RTH) do not carry over to the next trade date. Similarly, Session/Day orders placed during electronic trading hours (ETH) are only executed for that trade date.
Dia de Comércio.
Establishing a position or multiple positions and then offsetting them within the same day, ending the day with no established position in the market.
Difusão Spread.
An option spread in which there is a net payout of premium.
Failure to perform on a contract as required by exchange rules, such as the failure to meet settlement variation, a performance bond call, or to make or take delivery.
Degree Day.
Term Created To Assess And Acknowledge Expected Demand For Energy. A Degree Day Value Is The Difference Between A Day'S Average Temperature And A Previously Set Temperature (In The U. S., 65 Degrees Fahrenheit). Degree Days Above 65 Degrees Are Called Cooling Degree Days Because They Are Days When People Are Likely To Use Energy For Air Conditioning. Heating Degree Days Refer To Days When People Are Likely To Use Energy For Heating.
Ten Therms, 1 Million British Thermal Units (BTU'S)
Gráficos entregáveis.
The Standard Grades Of Commodities Or Instruments Listed In The Rules Of The Exchanges That Must Be Met When Delivering Cash Commodities Against Futures Contracts. Grades Are Often Accompanied By A Schedule Of Discounts And Premiums Allowable For Delivery Of Commodities Of Lesser Or Greater Quality Than The Standard Called For By The Exchange. Also Referred To As Contract Grades.
Delivered Transaction (Energy)
Often Regarded As Synonymous With Cost, Insurance, And Freight In The International Cargo Trade, Its Terms Differ From The Latter In A Number Of Ways. Generally, The Seller'S Risks Are Greater In A Delivered Transaction Because The Buyer Pays On The Basis Of Landed Quality/Quantity. Risk And Title Are Borne By The Seller Until Such Time As The Commodity, Such As Oil, Passes From Shipboard Into The Connecting Flange Of The Buyer'S Shore Installation. The Seller Is Responsible For Clearance Through Customs And Payment Of All Duties. Any In-Transit Contamination Or Loss Of Cargo Is The Seller'S Liability. In Delivered Transactions, The Buyer Pays Only For The Quantity Of Oil Actually Received In Storage.
The term has distinct meaning when used in connection with futures contracts. Delivery generally refers to the changing of ownership or control of a commodity under specific terms and procedures established by the exchange upon which the contract is traded. Typically, except for energy, the commodity must be placed in an approved warehouse, precious metals depository, or other storage facility, and be inspected by approved personnel, after which the facility issues a warehouse receipt, shipping certificate, demand certificate, or due bill, which becomes a transferable delivery instrument. Delivery of the instrument usually is preceded by a notice of intention to deliver. After receipt of the delivery instrument, the new owner typically can take possession of the physical commodity, can deliver the delivery instrument into the futures market in satisfaction of a short position, or can sell the delivery instrument to another market participant who can use it for delivery into the futures market in satisfaction of his short position or for cash, or can take delivery of the physical himself. The procedure differs for energy contracts. Bona fide buyers or sellers of the underlying energy commodity can stand for delivery. If a buyer or seller stands for delivery, the contract is held through the termination of trading. The buyer and seller each file a notice of intent to make or take delivery with their respective clearing members who file them with the Exchange. Buyers and sellers are randomly matched by the Exchange. The delivery payment is based on the contract's final settlement price. Some futures contracts, such as stock index futures, are cash settled.
Delivery Day.
The calendar date on which a delivery transaction is to be completed.
Delivery Month/Year.
The month and year in which a given contract is delivered in accordance with the Rules (for physically delivered contracts) or the month and year in which a given contract is finally settled in accordance with the Rules (for cash settled contracts). Synonymous with CONTRACT MONTH/YEAR.
Delivery Month Performance Bond Requirement.
Performance bond requirements applicable to all positions in the delivery month as defined by the CME clearing house.
Delivery Notice.
The notice that the seller presents to the CME clearing house stating his intention to make delivery against an open short futures position. This notice is separate and distinct from the warehouse receipt or other instruments that will be used to transfer title during the actual delivery.
Delivery Point.
Those locations designated by the exchange at which actual commodities may be delivered in fulfillment of a futures contract.
The measure of the price-change relationship between an option and the underlying futures price. Equal to the change in premium divided by the change in futures price.
The Quantity Of A Commodity That Buyers Are Willing To Purchase In The Market At A Given Price.
Depository Or Warehouse Receipt.
A Document Issued By A Bank, Warehouse Or Other Depository Indicating Ownership Of A Stored Commodity.
Depreciação.
Decline In The Value Of One Currency Relative To Another. Occurs When, Because Of A Change In Exchange Rates, A Unit Of One Currency Buys Fewer Units Of Another Currency.
Derivado.
A financial instrument whose value is based upon other financial instruments, such as a stock index, interest rates or commodity indexes.
Devaluation (Of Currency)
A government's reduction of the value of its currency, generally through an official announcement.
A noticeable or marked departure from the norm, plan, standard, procedure, or variable being reviewed. Similar to variance.
Diesel Fuel.
Distillate fuel oil used in compression-ignition engines. It is similar to home heating oil, but must meet a cetane number specification of 40 or more.
Differentials.
Price differences between classes, grades, and delivery locations of various stocks of the same commodity.
Direct Quote.
Price Of A Foreign Currency In Terms Of A Country’S Domestic Currency.
Dirty Cargo.
Those Petroleum Products Which Leave Significant Amounts Of Residue In Tanks. Generally Applies To Crude Oil And Residual Fuel Oil.
Disciplinary Offense.
Any Offense As Set Forth In Rule 300.E.
(1) The Amount A Price Would Be Reduced To Purchase A Commodity Of Lesser Grade; (2) Sometimes Used To Refer To The Price Difference Between Futures Of Different Delivery Months, As In The Phrase "July Is Trading At A Discount To May", Indicating That The Price Of The July Futures Contract Is Lower Than That Of May; (3) Applied To Cash Grain Prices That Are Below The Futures Price.
Corretor de desconto.
Discount Method.
A Method Of Paying Interest By Issuing A Security At Less Than Par And Repaying Par Value At Maturity. The Difference Between The Higher Par Value And The Lower Purchase Price Is The Interest.
Taxa de desconto.
The Interest Rate That An Eligible Depository Institution Is Charged To Borrow Short-Term Funds Directly From A Federal Reserve Bank.
Discretionary Account.
An Arrangement By Which The Holder Of The Account Gives Written Power Of Attorney To Another Person, Often His Broker, To Make Trading Decisions. Also Known As A Controlled Or Managed Account.
Distillate Fuel Oil.
Products of refinery distillation sometimes referred to as middle distillates; kerosene, diesel fuel, and home heating oil.
Doctor Test.
A Qualitative Method Of Detecting Undesirable Sulfur Compounds In Petroleum Distillates; That Is, Determining Whether An Oil Is Sour Or Sweet.
Double Top, Bottom.
A chart formation that signals a possible price trend reversal.
Downstream.
A Petroleum industry term referring to commercial oil and gas operations beyond the production phase; oil refining and marketing, and natural gas transmission and distribution.
Gas That Does Not Contain Luid Hydro-Carbons.
Early Out Trade Call.
A Notice Issued By The Exchange Requiring Firms, Brokers, And Out Trade Clerks To Be Available At A Specified Time On The Trading Floor To Resolve Out Trades In A Particular Commodity. Fines Are Issued Against Those Firms Who Fail To Comply.
Econometrics.
The application of statistical and mathematical methods in the field of economics to test and quantify economic theories and the solutions to economic problems.
See "Exchange For Physical (EFP) Trade"
Exchange for Risk. An EFR is a privately negotiated trade that entails the exchange of a futures position for a corresponding OTC instrument. The number in this column represents the number of EFR transactions for the given date.
Exchange For Swap. An Efs Is A Privately Negotiated Trade In Which A Position In A Futures Contract Is Exchanged For A Swap Position In The Same Contract.
Electric Utility.
An Enterprise That Is Engaged In The Generation, Transmission, And/Or Distribution Of Electric Energy Primarily For Use By The Public And Is The Major Power Supplier Within A Designated Service Area. Electric Utilities Include: Investor-Owned, Publicly Owned, Cooperatively Owned, And Government-Owned Entities.
Electronic Device.
Any Type Of Voice Or Data Communications Interface, Including But Not Limited To A Computer, Headset, Trading Device, Microphone, Telephone Or Camera.
Negociação Eletrônica.
Computerized system for placing orders, bid and offer posting, and trade execution. The CME Globex platform is an example of an electronic trading system.
Any occurrence or circumstance listed below which, in the opinion of the Exchange, requires immediate action and threatens or may threaten fair and orderly trading, clearing, delivery or luidation of any contracts on the Exchange. Occurrences and circumstances which the Exchange may deem emergencies are set forth in the Rules.
Ending Stocks.
The Amount Of A Storable Commodity Remaining At The End Of A Year.
See "Exchange Of Options For Options Trade"
Preço de equilibrio.
The price at which the quantity demanded of a commodity is equal to the quantity supplied.
(1) Instrument traded on the cash market representing a share in the capital of a company; (2) The net value of a commodity account as determined by combining the ledger balance with an unrealized gain or loss in open positions as marked to the market.
Equity Index.
A measure of a group of stocks, also called equities, used to describe the market and analyze the return on specific stock investment.
ETH Session (Electronic Trading Hours)
The trading session during which the CME Globex system is used. Contact the CME Globex Control Center (GCC) for the current schedule of trading hours.
Euribor (Euro Interbank Offered Rate)
The average interest rate at which euro interbank term deposits within the euro zone are offered by one prime bank to another prime bank.
Eurodollars.
U. S. dollars on deposit with a bank outside of the United States and, consequently, outside the jurisdiction of the United States. The bank could be either a foreign bank or a subsidiary of a U. S. bank.
Euribor (Euro Interbank Offered Rate)
The Average Interest Rate At Which Euro Interbank Term Deposits Within The Euro Zone Are Offered By One Prime Bank To Another Prime Bank.
Banco Central Europeu.
The European Monetary Union's central bank, which governs monetary policy for member countries.
European Style Option.
Type of option contract which can only be exercised on expiration date.
European Terms.
A method of quoting exchange rates, which measures the amount of foreign currency needed to buy one U. S. dollar, i. e., foreign currency unit per dollar. Reciprocal of European Terms is another method of quoting exchange rates, which measures the U. S. dollar value of one foreign currency unit, i. e., U. S. dollars per foreign units.
Excess Margin.
The dollar amount by which the equity exceeds the margin requirements in a performance bond account.
A central marketplace with established rules and regulations where buyers and sellers meet to trade futures and options on futures contracts. See futures Exchange.
Exchange Basis Facility (EBF) Trade.
An Exchange-For-Physical (Efp) Trade Transacted In The Context Of Interest Rate Contracts (See Definition Of Exchange-For-Physical).
Exchange Certified Stocks.
Stocks Of Commodities Held In Depositories Or Warehouses Certified By An Exchange-Approved Inspection Authority As Constituting Good Delivery Against A Futures Contract Position. Current Total Certified Stocks Are Reported In The Press For Many Important Commodities Such As Gold, Silver And Platinum.
Exchange for Physical (EFP) Trade.
A privately negotiated and simultaneous exchange of an Exchange futures position for a corresponding cash position. An EFP is one type of an authorized Exchange for Related Position (EFRP) trade governed by Rule 538.
Exchange for Risk (EFR) Trade.
A privately negotiated and simultaneous exchange of an Exchange futures position for a corresponding OTC swap or other OTC instrument. An EFR is one type of an authorized Exchange for Related Position (EFRP) trade governed by Rule 538.
Exchange Official.
An Employee Or Member Designated By The Exchange To Perform Or Execute Certain Acts.
Exchange of Futures for Cash.
A transaction in which the buyer of a cash commodity transfers to the seller a corresponding amount of long futures contracts, or receives from the seller a corresponding amount of short futures, at a price difference mutually agreed upon. In this way, the opposite hedges in futures of both parties are closed out simultaneously.
Exchange of Options for Options (EOO) Trade.
A privately negotiated and simultaneous exchange of an Exchange option position for a corresponding OTC option position or other OTC instrument with similar characteristics. An EOO is one type of an authorized Exchange for Related Position (EFRP) trade governed by Rule 538.
Fundos negociados em bolsa.
Shares Issued By Financial Institutions That Allow Participants To Trade Benchmark Indexes Like A Stock.
The completion of an order to buy or sell a futures contract.
To invoke the right granted under the terms of an options contract to buy or sell the underlying futures contract. The option holder (long) is the one who exercises the option. Call holders exercise the right to buy the underlying future, while put holders exercise the right to sell the underlying future. The short option holder is assigned a position opposite to that of the option buyer. CME Clearing removes the option and creates the futures positions on the firms' books on the day of exercise.
Exercise Notice.
A notice tendered by a brokerage firm informing the CME clearing house that the holder of the option would like to exchange their option for the underlying futures contract.
Exercise or Strike Price.
The price at which the buyer of a call can purchase the commodity during the life of the option, and the price at which the buyer of a put can sell the commodity during the life of the option.
Preço do exercício.
The terms "exercise price", "strike price" and "striking price" shall be synonymous and mean the price at which the futures contract underlying the options contract will be assigned upon exercise of the option. For options contracts which are exercised into multiple futures contracts, the exercise price represents the spread price differential between the futures contracts.
Exhaustion Gap.
A chart pattern described by gap in prices near the top or bottom of a price move that may signal an abrupt turn in the market.
Expiração
The last day of trading for a futures contract. The last day on which an option may be exercised and exchanged for the underlying contract.
Data de validade.
The term "expiration date" shall mean the last day on which an options contract may be exercised.
Ex Pit Transaction.
Trades Made Outside The Trading Pit. There Are Two Types Of Valid Ex Pit Transactions: 1. An Exchange Of Cash For Futures (Exchange For Physicals) Involving The Simultaneous Purchase Of Cash Commodities In Exchange For A Futures Contract, At A Price Difference Mutually Agreed Upon.2. A Transfer Trade Involving The Transfer Of A Customer'S Account Between Brokerage Firms. Ex-Pit Transactions Are Not Guaranteed By The Cme Clearing Until The Initial Settlement Is Met.
Valor Extrínseco.
The amount of money option buyers are willing to pay for an option in the anticipation that, over time, a change in the underlying futures price will cause the option to increase in value. In general, an option premium is the sum of time value and intrinsic value. Any amount by which an option premium exceeds the option's intrinsic value can be considered time value.
Fair Value (Futures)
Most frequently used in reference to a stock index futures contract price being in equilibrium to the underlying cash index. The equilibrium to the futures price would be the spot price after considering compounded interest (and dividends not received due to being long the futures contract rather than the physical stocks) over a period of time.
Fair Value (Options)
Generally refers to the market price of an option being in line with its theoretical value as predicted by an options pricing formula.
Fast Market.
Term used to define unusually hectic market conditions.
See “Futures Commission Merchant”
Federal Funds.
In the United States, federal funds are bank reserves at the Federal Reserve. Banks keep reserves at Federal Reserve Banks to meet their reserve requirements and to clear financial transactions. Transactions in the federal funds market enable depository institutions with reserve balances in excess of reserve requirements to lend reserves to institutions with reserve deficiencies. These loans are usually made for 1 day only, i. e. "overnight." The interest rate at which the funds are lent is called the federal funds rate.
Federal Funds Rate.
The rate of interest charged for the use of federal funds. See federal funds.
Federal Reserve System(Fed)
The central banking system of the United States. Created in 1913 by the enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, it is a quasi-public (part private, part government) banking system composed of (1) the presidentially-appointed Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in Washington, D. C.; (2) the Federal Open Market Committee; (3) 12 regional Federal Reserve Banks located in major cities throughout the nation acting as fiscal agents for the U. S. Treasury. The current Federal Reserve Chairman is Dr. Ben S. Bernanke.
Feed Ratio.
A Ratio Used To Express The Relationship Of Feeding Costs To The Dollar Value Of Livestock. Steer/Corn Ratio. The Relationship Of Cattle Prices To Feeding Costs.
Feedstock (Energy)
The Supply Of Crude Oil, Natural Gas Luids, Or Natural Gas To A Refinery Or Petrochemical Plant Or The Supply Of Some Refined Fraction Of Intermediate Product To Some Other Manufacturing Process.
Fill-and-Kill-Order (FAK)
A FAK order is immediately filled in whole or in part at the specified price. Any remaining quantity is eliminated.
Fill-or-Kill-Order (FOK)
FOK orders are canceled if not immediately filled for the total quantity at the specified price or better.
Financial Futures.
A future contract whose value is based upon financial instruments such as a stock index, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates.
Financial Information Exchange (FIX) API.
An Application Program Interface (API) utilizing the propocol developed for international real-time information exchange designed to allow firms and Independent Software Vendors (ISVs) to easily integrate their order entry and routing systems with CME. It is a software library of functions that enables a member's order management system to communicate with exchange order routing systems. Member firms can run the CME FIX API on their computers to electronically send orders to and receive fills from the CME Globex platform or from the firm's exchange floor operations.
Instrumento financeiro.
A commodity based in financial instruments such as a stock index, interest rates or foreign currency exchange rates.
The Purity Of Precious Metal Measured In Parts Per Thousand.
Fine Weight.
The Weight Of Precious Metal Contained In A Coin Or Bullion As Determined By Multiplying The Gross Weight By The Fineness.
The Term "Firm" Shall Mean A Corporation, Partnership, Association, Sole Proprietorship Or Other Eligible Entity.
Firm Energy.
The Highest Quality Sales Of Electric Transmission Service Offered To Customers Under A Filed Rate Schedule That Anticipates No Planned Interruption.
Firm Number.
A Three Digit Numeric Code Used In Cme'S Clearing System To Identify A Clearing Firm.
Firm Service.
Utility Service Which Assumes No Interruption Except If Residential Customers' Supply Is Threatened. Opposite Of Interruptible Service.
Firmsoft Is A Browser-Based Order Management Tool That Provides Real-Time Visibility Into Working And Filled Orders, Across Multiple Firm Ids, In The Cme Globex® Order Management Database. Firmsoft Provides Important Alternative Access To Working And Filled Orders During System Failures.
First Notice Day.
The first day on which a notice of intent to deliver a commodity in fulfillment of a futures contract can be made by the clearinghouse to a buyer. The clearinghouse also informs the sellers who they have been matched up with.
Financial Information Exchange (FIX)
An Electronic Communications Protocol Developed To Provide A Uniform Method Of Exchanging Real-Time Infomation Specifically Related To Financial Transactions.
Fix User ID.
The Client Application’S Logon Id For The Cme Fix Servers. The Server Authenticates This Id During The Logon Process. Only The Assigned User Id May Be Used To Logon To The Cme Fix Server. Examples: 00100A, 80502B. Assignee: Support And Qa Team.
Market slang to indicate that all open positions have been offset and an account has no exposure to market risk. The three common ways to describe a trader’s position in the market are long, short or flat.
Flex Option.
Non-standard option in which the buyer and seller can agree to terms where the strike price may exceed the eligible range of standard strikes, the expiration date can be any business date other than the standard expiration date, or the option can be defined to expire as "American" or "European" style and the option can have any listed futures as its underlying.
Except as otherwise provided by the Exchange, the term "Floor" shall mean any trading floor on which Exchange contracts are listed for open outcry trading.
Floor Broker.
An individual who executes orders on the Floor of the exchange for any other person and who is registered as a floor broker under the CEA.
Trader de chão.
An exchange member who trades for his own account on the Floor of the Exchange and who is registered as a floor trader under the CEA.
Following Day (Or Other Similar Expression)
The Following, Or Subsequent, Business Day.
Force Majeure.
A standard clause which indemnifies either or both parties to a transaction whenever events which the Exchange declares to be reasonably beyond the contract.
Foreign Exchange Market (FX)
The exchange of one currency for another. Markets exist in over-the-counter, forward and FX Futures where buyers and sellers conduct foreign exchange transactions. CME® FX futures offer financial institutions, investment managers, corporations and private investors ways manage the risks associated with currency rate fluctuation and to take advantage of profit opportunities stemming from changes in currency rates.
Foreign Exchange Market (FX)
The Exchange Of One Currency For Another. Markets Exist In Over-The-Counter, Forward And Fx Futures Where Buyers And Sellers Conduct Foreign Exchange Transactions. Cme® Fx Futures Offer Financial Institutions, Investment Managers, Corporations And Private Investors Ways Manage The Risks Associated With Currency Rate Fluctuation And To Take Advantage Of Profit Opportunities Stemming From Changes In Currency Rates.
Foreign Exchange Rate.
The price of a country's currency when converted from another country's currency.
Contrato avançado.
A private, cash-market agreement between a buyer and seller for the future delivery of a commodity at an agreed price. In contrast to futures contracts, forward contracts are not standardized and not transferable.
Pontos para frente.
A metric that can be employed to calculate forward exchange rates. , Forward Points express the premium or discount for the base currency in terms of the quote currency. Forward Points are a function of the spot exchange rate, interest rates, and time. Forward points are added to the spot rate to obtain the forward rate.
Fractionation.
The Process Whereby Saturated Hydrocarbons From Natural Gas Are Separated Into Distinct Parts Or "Fractions" Such As Propane, Butane, Ethane, Etc.
Free On Board (FOB)
A Transaction In Which The Seller Provides A Commodity At An Agreed Unit Price, At A Specified Loading Point Within A Specified Period; It Is The Responsibility Of The Buyer To Arrange For Transportation And Insurance.
Refined Petroleum Products Used As A Fuel For Home Heating And Industrial And Utility Boilers. Fuel Oil Is Divided Into Two Broad Categories, Distillate Fuel Oil, Also Known As No. 2 Fuel, Gasoil, Or Diesel Fuel; And Residual Fuel Oil, Also Known As No. 6 Fuel, Or Outside The United States, Just As Fuel Oil. No. 2 Fuel Is A Light Oil Used For Home Heating, In Compression Ignition Engines, And In Light Industrial Applications. No. 6 Oil Is A Heavy Fuel Used In Large Commercial, Industrial, And Electric Utility Boilers.
Full Carrying Charge Market.
A Futures Market Where The Price Difference Between Delivery Months Reflects The Total Costs Of Interest, Insurance, And Storage.
Full-Service-Broker.
Analise fundamental.
The study of supply and demand information to aid in anticipating futures price trends.
Fungibility.
Futures contracts capable of mutual substitution the interchangeability of contracts. For example, five E-mini S&P 500 contracts are fungible and able to offset one standard-sized S&P 500 contract.
Standardized contracts for the purchase and sale of financial instruments or physical commodities for future delivery on a regulated commodity futures exchange.
Comerciante da Comissão de Futuros (FCM)
An individual or organization which solicits or accepts orders to buy or sell futures or options on futures contracts and accepts money or other assets from customer in connection with such orders. An FCM must be registered with the CFTC.
Contrato Futuro.
A legally binding agreement to buy or sell a commodity or financial instrument at a later date pursuant to the Rules of the Exchange.
Futures-Equivalent.
A term frequently used with reference to speculative position limits for options on futures contracts. The futures-equivalent of an options position is the number of options multiplied by the previous day's risk factor or delta for the options series. For example, 10 deep out-of-the money options with a risk factor of 0.20 would be considered two futures-equivalent contracts. The delta or risk factors used for this purpose is the same as that used in delta-based margining and risk analysis systems.
Bolsa de Futuros.
A central marketplace where buyers and sellers come together to trade futures and options contracts.
Futures Industry Association (FIA)
Futures Industry Association. A national not-for-profit futures industry trade association that represents the brokerage community on industry, regulatory, political, and educational issues.
Cme Hand-Held Trading Terminals.
The measure of the change in an option's delta given a change in the futures price. Equal to the change in delta divided by the change in futures price.
A price area at which the market didn't trade from one day to the next. See breakaway gap, exhaustion gap, and runaway gap. & gt;
Gap Theory.
A type of technical analysis that studies gaps in prices.
European Designation For No. 2 Heating Oil And Diesel Fuel.
Gasoline, Straight-Run.
Also Known As Raw Gasoline. Gasoline Which Is Obtained Directly From Crude Oil By Fractional Distillation. Straight-Run Gasoline Generally Must Be Upgraded To Meet Current Motor Fuel Specifications.
Generation (Electricity)
The Process Of Producing Electric Energy By Transforming Other Forms Of Energy. The Amount Of Energy Produced Is Expressed In Watthours.
Gigajoule (GJ)
One Billion Joules, Approximately Equal To 948,211 British Thermal Units. One Million Btus Equals 1.0546175 Gj.
Gigawatt (GW)
One Billion Watts.
An Order To Be Given To Another Member Firm In Clearing System, An Allocation. An Order Executed By Clearing Firm A And Given To Clearing Firm B Where It Will Be Cleared And Processed. Give-Up Order Indicator Of "Gu" Is Populated In F-Ex Field.
Give-Up System.
Acs (Allocation Claim System) Is The Cme'S Electronic Give-Up System. Acs Allows Executing Firms To Give-Up (Allocate) Trades At The Execution Price To The Designated Carrying Firms(S), Utilizing Their Current Trade Entry Systems And Cme'S Trade Management System. Acs May Be Utilized For Trades Executed And Given Up To A Single Firm, As Well As Trades Given Up To Multiple Firms.
Global Command Center (GCC)
CME Global Command Center, the exchange department that supports and maintains CME's electronic trading system. The CME® Global Command Center (GCC) can assist registered CME Globex contacts in canceling orders during emergency situations, when an order cannot be canceled through ordinary means.
GLOBEX refers to CME Globex, an electronic trading platform.
Globex Order Types.
The availability of specific Globex Order Types is dependent on the product, and not all Order Types are available for all products. Supported Order Types by Product are set forth in the Globex Reference Guide (cmegroup/globex/files/GlobexRefGd. pdf)
Globex Terminal Operator.
Globex terminal operator refers to 1) any person who physically enters orders into Globex or 2) any automated trading system which enters orders into Globex, either directly or through an automated order routing system or independent software vendor. All Globex terminal operators must be identified to the Exchange in accordance with the provisions of Rule 576 (Identification of Globex Terminal Operators).
Globex Trading Hours.
Those hours designated by the Board of Directors for trading particular contracts on GLOBEX.
Globex User ID.
An Identifier Assigned To Access The Globex Electronic Trading Engine.
Good Delivery.
Approved metals brands acceptable for delivery against the metals contracts.
Good ‘Til Canceled (GTC)
An order which will remain in force until executed, cancelled or the contract expires.
Good ‘Til Date (GTD)
An order which will remain in force through a specified trade date unless executed or canceled, or until the contract expires.
Good-til-Canceled (GTC)
Also known as an open order a GTC order, in the absence of a specific limiting designation, will remain in force during RTH and ETH until executed, canceled or the contract expires.
Good-til-Date (GTD)
GTD orders remain in force during RTH and ETH through the specified date unless executed or canceled.
Grade 1 Copper.
Copper Which Is Good For Delivery Against The Comex Division High Grade Copper Futures Contract And Meets The Astm Specification B115-91.
Standards Set For The Quality Of A Commodity.
Grading Certificates.
Certificates That Verify The Quality Of A Commodity.
Grain Terminal.
Large Grain Elevator Facility With The Capacity To Ship Grain By Rail And/Or Barge To Domestic Or Foreign Markets.
A Seller Of An Option. See Also Writer.
Gross Domestic Product.
One of the ways of measuring the size of the economy. GDP is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time (usually a calendar year).
Gross Margining.
A method by which a clearing firm's customer margins are based on the firm's positions and applicable submitted spreads. For example, if a firm had only two accounts for two customers in its customer origin and one of those accounts had three open long positions and the other had two open short positions, the firm's margin would be based on five open positions if the firm did not submit spreads (rather than one net long position).
Gross Position.
The sum of a clearing firm's current open positions in a given contract.
Gross Processing Margin.
Refers To The Difference Between The Cost Of A Commodity And The Combined Sales Income Of The Finished Products Which Result From Processing The Commodity. Various Industries Have Formulas To Express The Relationship Of Raw Material Costs To Sales Income From Finished Products. One Example Would Be The Difference Between The Cost Of Soybeans And The Combined Sales Income Of The Processed Soybean Oil And Meal.
Guaranty Fund Deposit.
The Amount Required To Be Deposited With The Clearing House By The Clearing Member As A Guaranty Of Its Obligations To The Clearing House.
In Determining Whether Assets Meet Capital Requirements, A Percentage Reduction In The Stated Value Of Assets. In Computing The Worth Of Assets Deposited As Performance Bond, A Reduction From Market Value.
Hallmark (Precious Metals)
A Stamped Impression On The Surface Of A Precious Metals Bar That Indicates The Producer, Serial Number, Weight, And Purity Of Metal Content.
Cabeça e ombros.
A sideways price formation at the top or bottom of the market that may indicate a major market reversal.
Heating Degree Day (HDD)
A Day In Which The Average Daily Temperature Is Less Than 65 Degrees Fahrenheit, And Therefore Likely To Be A Day In Which People Turn On Their Heat. A Heating Degree Day Is Assigned A Value That Represents The Number Of Degrees That Days Average Temperature Is Less Than 65 Degrees. For Example, If A Day'S Average Temperature Is 45 Degrees, The Heating Degree Day (Hdd) Value For That Day Would Be 20 (65-45). If The Average Temperature Is Greater Than Or Equal To 65 Degrees, The Hdd Value For The Day Would Be Zero. (The Day Would Not Be Sufficiently Cold To Require Heating.)
Óleo de aquecimento.
No. 2 fuel oil, a distillate fuel oil used either for domestic heating or in moderate capacity commercial-industrial burners.
Heavy Crude.
Crude Oil With A High Specific Gravity And A Low Api Gravity Due To The Presence Of A High Proportion Of Heavy Hydrocarbon Fractions.
The purchase or sale of a futures contract as a temporary substitute for a cash market transaction to be made at a later date. Usually involves simultaneous, opposite positions in the cash market and futures market.
An Individual Or Firm Who Uses The Futures Market To Offset Price Risk When Intending To Sell Or Buy The Actual Commodity. See Pure Hedger, Selective Hedger.
Relação de Hedge.
1) Ratio of the value of futures contracts purchased or sold to the value of the cash commodity being hedged, a computation necessary to minimize basis risk. 2) The ratio, determined by an option's delta, of futures to options required to establish a riskless position. For example, if a $1/barrel change in the underlying Oil futures price leads to a $0.25/barrel change in the options premium, the hedge ratio is four (four options for each futures contract).
An individual or firm who uses the futures market to offset price risk when intending to sell or buy the actual commodity. See pure hedger, selective hedger.
(1) Taking a position in a futures market opposite to a position held in the cash market to minimize the risk of financial loss from an adverse price change; (2) A purchase or sale of futures as a temporary substitute for a cash transaction which will occur later. See long hedge and short hedge.
Hedging Line Of Credit.
Financing Received From A Lender For The Purpose Of Hedging The Sale And Purchase Of Commodities.
Hidden Quantity.
Order Qualifier: Indicates That The Total Quantity Will Not Be Displayed To The Market, But Only Per Increments As Indicated. Difference Between Order Quantity And Displayed Quantity Is Hidden.
The highest price of the day for a particular futures contract.
Volatilidade Histórica.
The volatility of a financial instrument based on historical returns. This phrase is used particularly when it is wished to distinguish between the actual volatility of an instrument in the past, and the current volatility implied by the market.
Hog/Corn Ratio.
The relationship of feeding costs to the dollar value of hogs. It is measured by dividing the price of hogs ($/hundredweight) by the price of corn ($/bushel). When corn prices are high relative to pork prices, fewer units of corn equal the dollar value of 100 pounds of pork. Conversely, when corn prices are low in relation to pork prices, more units of corn are required to equal the value of 100 pounds of pork. A ratio used to express the relationship of feeding costs to the dollar value of livestock.
One who purchases an option (also called the buyer).
Any day declared to be a holiday by these rules or by a resolution of the Board on which the Exchange is closed. When any such holiday falls on Sunday, the following Monday shall be considered such holiday. When any such holiday falls on Saturday, the immediately preceding Friday shall be considered such holiday.
Propagação Horizontal.
The purchase of either a call or put option and the simultaneous sale of the same type of option with typically the same strike price but with a different expiration month. Also referred to as a calendar spread.
(1) A designation that refers to proprietary, non-segregated clearing member firm trading activity; (2) A clearing member or a firm.
House Account.
Clearing Firm'S Proprietary, Non Segregated Trading Account.
Hundredweight.
100 pounds. Abbreviated as cwt.
Hydrocarbons.
Organic chemical compounds containing hydrogen and carbon atoms. They form the basis of all petroleum products.
An Interface To The Cme Globex Electronic Trading Platform.
Imbalance Energy.
Discrepancy Between The Amount That A Seller Contracted To Deliver And The Actual Volume Of Power Delivered. Imbalances Are Resolved Through Monetary Payment.
Volatilidade implícita.
The volatility implied by the market price of the option based on an option pricing model. In other words, it is the volatility that, given a particular pricing model, yields a theoretical value for the option equal to the current market price.
In-the-Money.
A call option with a strike price lower (or a put option with a strike price higher) than the current market value of the underlying futures commodity. Therefore someone who exercised their option on a future would receive a futures position that was already “in the money”.
Inadvertent Energy.
The Imbalance Of Energy Flows Back And Forth That Are On-Going And Routine Between A Generator Of Power And The Centers Of Demand. These Imbalances Are Typically Settled Through Exchanges Of Physical Product.
Independent (Energy)
Term Generally Applies To A Non-Integrated Oil Or Natural Gas Company, Usually Active In Only One Or Two Sectors Of The Industry. An Independent Marketer Buys Petroleum Products From Major Or Independent Refiners And Resells Them Under His Own Brand Name Or Buys Natural Gas From Producers And Resells It. There Are Also Independents Which Are Active Exclusively Either In Oil Or Gas Production Or Refining.
Independent Power Producer (IPP)
A Non-Utility Power Generating Company That Is Not A Qualifying Facility (See Qualifying Facility).
Independent Software Vendor (ISV)
A Vendor Who Makes And Sells Software Products That Run On One Or More Computer Hardware Or Operating System Platforms. At Cme, Isvs Provide Front-End Applications Certified By Cme For Trading On The Cme Globex Platform.
An indicator that is representative of a whole market or market segment, usually computed by a sum product of a list of instruments' current prices and a list of weights assigned to these instruments. The index variations give trends of the market/market segment measured.
Indicative Opening Price (IOP)
Cme Indicative Opening Price. Calculated In Real-Time During Pre-Opening Phase, Each Time An Order Is Entered / Modified / Cancelled. Maximizes The Quantities To Be Traded While Minimizing The Non-Executed Quantities.
Citação indireta.
Price Of The Domestic Currency In Terms Of The Foreign Currency.
Indirect Rate Parity.
Forward Premium (Or Discount) That Is Dependent On The Interest Rate Differential Between Two Currencies.
An economic term describing conditions in which overall prices for goods and services are rising.
Margem inicial.
See initial performance bond.
Initial Performance Bond.
The minimum deposit a clearing firm must require from customers for each contract, when an account is new or when the account’s equity falls below minimum maintenance requirements required by the Exchange.
Trader Institucional.
A person or entity employed to trade on behalf of entities, including institutions, investment banks, pension funds, hedge funds and mutual funds.
Instrumento.
A product traded at CME, i. e., the CME S&P 500 Index futures contract.
Integration (Energy)
A Term That Describes The Degree In, And To, Which One Given Company Participates In All Phases Of The Petroleum Industry.
Interbank Rates.
The price that major banks quote each other for currency transactions.
Intercommodity Spread.
A spread in which the long and short legs are in two different but generally related commodity markets. Also called an Intermarket Spread. See spread trade.
Interdelivery Spread.
A spread trade involving the simultaneous purchase of one delivery month of a given commodity futures contract and the sale of another delivery month of the same contract on the same exchange. See spread trade.
Interest Earning Facility 2 (IEF2)
Cme Clearing Program Developed To Support The Acceptance Of Money Market Mutual Fund Shares At Cme To Be Used As Performance Bond Collateral And To Satisfy Guaranty Fund Requirements.
Interest Earning Facility 4 (IEF 4)
Cme Clearing Collateral Program Designed To Allow Clearing Firms To Satisfy Core, Reserve And Concentration Performance Bond Requirements With A Wide Range Of Collateral, Consistent With Cftc Regulation 1.25.
Interest Earning Facility 5 (IEF5)
Cme Clearing Program In Which Clearing Members Can Earn A Monthly Hard Dollar Benefit By Depositing Us Dollar Cash In A Cme Bank Account At A Select Financial Institution. Clearing Members Can Satisfy A Portion Of Their Core And All Of Their Reserve And Concentration Requirements By Directing Cash Deposits Into Cme'S Account.
Intermarket Spread.
See Intercommodity Spread.
Interruptible Service (Energy)
Utility Service Which Expects And Permits Interruption On Short Notice, Generally In Peak-Load Periods, In Order To Meet The Demand By Firm Service Customers. Interruptible Service Customers Usually Pay A Lower Rate Than Firm Service Customers. Opposite Of Firm Service.
In-The-Money.
A Call Option With A Strike Price Lower (Or A Put Option With A Strike Price Higher) Than The Current Market Value Of The Underlying Futures Commodity. Therefore Someone Who Exercised Their Option On A Future Would Receive A Futures Position That Was Already “In The Money”.
Intracommodity Spread.
A Spread Involving Two Different Months Of The Same Commodity. Also Called An Interdelivery Spread.
Valor intrínseco.
The relationship of an option's in-the-money strike price to the current futures price. For a put: strike price minus futures price. For a call: futures price minus strike price.
Apresentando Broker (IB)
A firm or individual that solicits and accepts orders to buy or sell futures or options on futures contracts from customers but does not accept money or other assets from such customers. An IB must be registered with the CFTC.
Inverted Market.
A futures market in which the relationship between two delivery months of the same commodity is abnormal.
Investigative And Hearing Committees.
The Investigative And Hearing Committees Of The Exchange Are The Business Conduct Committee, The Clearing House Risk Committee, The Floor Conduct Committee, The Probable Cause Committee, Hearing Panels Of The Board Of Directors And Such Other Committees Created For This Purpose By The Board.
Invisible Supply.
Uncounted Stocks Of A Commodity In The Hands Of Wholesalers, Manufacturers, And Producers That Cannot Be Identified Accurately; Stocks Outside Commercial Channels But Theoretically Available To The Market.
Invisible Supply.
Uncounted Stocks Of A Commodity In The Hands Of Wholesalers, Manufacturers And Producers Which Cannot Be Identified Accurately; Stocks Outside Commercial Channels But Theoretically Available To The Market.
In-Well Transfer.
An Inventory Transfer Of Propane Held In Underground Caverns Or Storage.
Kerosene-type; high-quality kerosene product used primarily as fuel for commercial turbojet and turboprop aircraft engines.
A Middleman. A Gasoline Jobber, For Example, Might Buy From Refiners And Would Resell To Small Distributors Or Consumers.
A Metric Unit Of Energy.
A measure of the rate of change in an option's theoretical value for one-unit change in the volatility assumption.
A measure of the purity of gold. Pure gold is 24-karat.
Key Reversal.
A chart formation that signals a reversal of the current trend. In an uptrend, the market must open above the previous day's close, make a new high for the trend and then close below the previous day's low. In a downtrend, the market must open below the previous day's close, make a new low for the trend and then close higher than the previous day's high. Key reversals on days of high volume are given more weight than others.
Kilowatt (KW)
One Thousand Watts.
Kilowatt Hour (KWH)
Amount Of Electricity Needed To Light Ten 100-Watt Light Bulbs For A One-Hour Period. One Thousand Watts Used For One Hour.
Indicadores de atraso.
Market indicators showing the general direction of the economy and confirming or denying the trend rather than predicting its direction as implied by the leading indicators. Also referred to as concurrent indicators.
Landed Price (Energy)
The Actual Delivered Cost Of Oil To A Refiner, Taking Into Account All Costs From Production Or Purchase To The Refinery.
Last Intent Day.
The final day on which notices of intent to deliver on futures contracts may be presented to the Clearing House.
Last Inventory Day.
The final day in which long firms need to report their long position via the CME Clearing deliveries system.
Last Notice Day.
The final day on which notices of intent to deliver on futures contracts may be issued.
Último dia de negociação
The day on which trading ceases in futures contract for a particular contract month.
Principais indicadores.
Market Indicators That Signal The State Of The Economy For The Coming Months. Some Of The Leading Indicators Include: Average Manufacturing Workweek, Initial Claims For Unemployment Insurance, Orders For Consumer Goods And Material, Percentage Of Companies Reporting Slower Deliveries, Change In Manufacturers' Unfilled Orders For Durable Goods, Plant And Equipment Orders, New Building Permits, Index Of Consumer Expectations, Change In Material Prices, Prices Of Stocks, Change In Money Supply.
Lead Month.
The most current contract month in which delivery may take place in physically delivered contracts or in which cash settlement may take place in cash-settled contracts.
Principais indicadores.
Market indicators that signal the state of the economy for the coming months. Some of the leading indicators include: average manufacturing workweek, initial claims for unemployment insurance, orders for consumer goods and material, percentage of companies reporting slower deliveries, change in manufacturers' unfilled orders for durable goods, plant and equipment orders, new building permits, index of consumer expectations, change in material prices, prices of stocks, change in money supply.
Lease (Metals)
Financial Instrument Based Upon The Contango In The Gold Or Silver Market To Finance Precious Metals Inventory.
Each component transaction of a spread or swap.
To increase the potential return on an investment through the use of futures contracts (or other financial instruments).
Licensed Warehouses (Metals)
Warehouses Which Have Been Approved For The Storage Of Copper Deliverable Against The Comex Division Copper Futures Contract.
Licensed Weighmaster (Metals)
An Organization Approved By The Exchange To Witness And Verify The Weighing Of Copper Delivered Against The Comex Division Copper Futures Contract.
Lifting (Oil)
Refers To Tankers And Barges Loading Cargoes Of Petroleum At A Terminal Or Transshipment Point.
Light Crude.
Crude Oil With A Low Specific Gravity And High Api Gravity Due To The Presence Of A High Proportion Of Light Hydrocarbon Fractions.
Light Ends.
The More Volatile Products Of Petroleum Refining, Such As Butane, Propane, And Ethane.
Limitar Mover.
A contract's maximum price advance or decline from the previous day's settlement price permitted in one trading session, as determined by the exchange. See Price Limit.
Limit Order (L)
A Limit order allows the buyer to define the maximum price to pay and the seller the minimum price to accept (the limit price). A Limit order remains on the book until the order is either executed, canceled or expires. Any portion of the order that can be matched is immediately executed.
Luefied Natural Gas (LNG)
Natural gas which has been made luid by reducing its temperature to minus 258 degrees Fahrenheit at atmospheric pressure. Its volume is 1/600 of gas in vapor form.
Luefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Propane, butane, or propane-butane mixtures derived from crude oil refining or natural gas fractionation. For convenience of transportation, these gases are luefied through pressurization.
A characteristic of a security or commodity market with enough units outstanding to allow large transactions without a substantial change in price. Institutional investors are inclined to seek out luid investments so that their trading activity will not influence the market price.
To offset an existing position.
The ability to buy or sell orders of any size quickly and efficiently without a substantial impact on market price.
Luidity Data Bank.
A Computerized Profile Of Cbot Market Activity, Used By Technical Traders To Analyze Price Trends And Develop Trading Strategies. There Is A Specialized Display Of Daily Volume Data And Time Distribution Of Prices For Every Commodity Traded On The Chicago Board Of Trade.
Livestock Cycle.
A long, repeating pattern of increasing and decreasing livestock supply and prices.
Load (Energy)
The Amount Of Power Carried By A Utility System Or Subsystem, Or The Amount Of Power Consumed By An Electric Device, At A Specified Time. Load Is Also Referred To As Demand.
Load Following.
The Daily Varying Of Power Output By A Generator.
Loan Program.
A Federal Program In Which The Government Lends Money At Preannounced Rates To Farmers And Allows Them To Use The Crops They Plant For The Upcoming Crop Year As Collateral. Default On These Loans Is The Primary Method By Which The Government Acquires Stock Of Agricultural Commodities.
Local Distribution Company (LDC)
Company That Distributes Natural Gas Primarily To End-Users. A Gas Utility.
Exchange members who trade for their own accounts and/or fill orders for customers.
London Inter-Bank Offered Rate (LIBOR)
The price at which short term deposits are traded among major banks in London. Basically, the interest rate that banks charge each other for loans (usually in Eurodollars). The LIBOR is officially fixed once a day by a small group of large London banks, but the rate changes throughout the day.
One who has bought futures or options contracts to create an open position or owns a cash commodity. Opposite of Short.
To own the physical commodity.
Long Hedge.
The purchase of a futures contract in anticipation of an actual purchase in the cash commodity market. Used by processors or exporters as protection against an advance in the cash price. See hedge.
Posição longa.
A market position in which the trader has bought a futures contract or options on futures contract that does not offset a previously established short position.
Long the Basis.
Position where a hedger is long the cash market and short in the futures market.
A unit of trading (used to describe a designated number of contracts). For example, a trade quantity of one equals a "one lot;" a trade quantity of four equals a "four lot." Also called cars.
The lowest price of the day for a particular futures contract.
Macroeconomic.
The field of economics focused on movements and trends in the economy as a whole. Its central concepts include the laws of supply and demand.
Margem de Manutenção.
See maintenance performance bond.
Maintenance Performance Bond.
The minimum equity that must be maintained for each contract in a customer's account subsequent to deposit of the initial performance bond. If the equity drops below this level, a deposit must be made to bring the account back to the initial performance bond level.
Major (Energy)
A term broadly applied to those multinational oil companies which by virtue of size, age, or degree of integration are among the preeminent companies in the international petroleum industry.
Conta gerenciada.
An arrangement by which the owner of the account gives written power of attorney to someone else, usually the broker or a commodity trading advisor, to buy and sell without prior approval of the account owner. Often referred to as a discretionary Account.
Futuros gerenciados.
The term managed futures describes an industry comprised of professional money managers know as commodity trading advisors (CTAs). These trading advisors manage client assets on a discretionary basis using global futures markets as an investment medium. Trading advisors take positions based on expected profit potential. All CTAs involved must be registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC), a US government regulatory agency. While many casual observers most closely associate managed futures and Commodity Trading Advisors with trend following, the reality is that the strategies and approaches within managed futures vary tremendously, and that the one common unifying these is that these managers trade highly luid, exchange-traded instruments and deep foreign exchange markets. As a result, the terms many fund managers choose to implement, including lock-ups, gates, side pockets, and penalties for early redemptions, rarely apply to investments in managed futures. Luidity and transparency also simplify risk management, and investing via separately managed accounts, a common practice among managed futures investors, mitigates the risk of fraud since investors retain custody of assets.
See Performance Bond.
Chamada de Margem.
See Performance Bond Call.
Mark-to-Market.
Para debitar ou creditar diariamente uma conta de margem com base no fecho da sessão de negociação desse dia. In this way, buyers and sellers are protected against the possibility of contract default.
Market Data Application Programming Interface (MD API)
Market Data Application Programming Interface, To Be Used In Conjunction With Cme'S Order Entry Apis. Employs Tibco Technology. Cme Developed The Market Data Api, Which Allows Firms To Receive Real-Time Market Data From The Electronic Markets, And At A Later Date, Also From The Open Outcry Markets.
Market-If-Touched (MIT)
An order that automatically becomes a market order if the price is reached. An MIT order to buy becomes a limit order if and when the instrument trades at a specific or lower trigger price; an MIT order to sell becomes a limit order if and when the instrument trades at a specified or higher trigger price. On CME Globex, this order type is only available via CME Globex Trader, which is scheduled to be decommissioned by the end of 2007.
Market-if-Touched (MIT) Order.
A sell (buy) order placed above (below) the market which becomes a market order when the designated price is touched.
Market Maker.
A firm or person with trading privileges on an exchange who has an obligation to buy when there is an excess of sell orders and to sell when there is an excess of buy orders. In the futures industry, this term is sometimes loosely used to refer to a floor trader or local who, in speculating for his own account, provides a market for commercial users of the market.
Market-on-Close (MOC)
An order submitted at any time within a trading session, but only executed on the close.
Market-on-Close (MOC) Order.
An order to be executed as a market order only in the closing range.
Market Order (MKT)
An order placed at any time during the trading session to immediately execute the entire order at the best available offer price (for buy orders) or bid price (for sell orders).
Market-on-Open (MOO)
A market order entered before an opening, to be executed immediately upon the open of the trading session.
Market Participant.
Any person, entity or organization who hedges and/or speculates through a futures exchange.
Marketplace.
An organized venue, apart from CME, for the trade of securities, commodities or derivative instruments including, but not limited to, futures, options, options on futures or Security Futures Products.
Perfil de mercado.
Market Profile is an analytical tool that organizes price and time information to reveal trends and patterns as they develop. Its ability to identify areas where price is being accepted and where price is being rejected allowing traders of any market to adjust their trading accordingly.
Market Reporter.
A Person Employed By The Exchange And Located In Or Near The Trading Pit Who Records Prices As They Occur During Trading.
Market Segment.
A Part Of A Market That Relates To A Place, An Exchange Authority, A Type Of Security (Equity / Bond / Option / Future), And A List Of Securities With A Given Set Of Trading Methods.
Valor de mercado.
The Current Value Of All Commodities Held In A Performance Bond Account.
Market With Protection.
Electronic Market Orders At Cme Group Are Implemented Using A “Market With Protection” Approach. Unlike A Conventional Market Order, Where Customers Are At Risk Of Having Their Orders Filled At Extreme Prices, Market With Protection Orders Are Filled Within A Predefined Range Of Prices (The Protected Range). The Protected Range Is Typically The Current Best Bid Or Offer, Plus Or Minus 50 Percent Of The Product’S No Bust Range. If The Entire Order Cannot Be Filled Within The Protected Range, The Unfilled Quantity Remains On The Book As A Limit Order At The Limit Of The Protected Range.
Mark-To-Market.
To Debit Or Credit On A Daily Basis A Margin Account Based On The Close Of That Day'S Trading Session. In This Way, Buyers And Sellers Are Protected Against The Possibility Of Contract Default.
Matched Trade.
The execution of the buy and sell orders that together consummate a trade; consists of one or more contracts and occurs when the same price is specified by buy and sells orders, for a specified number of contracts.
Period within which a futures contract can be settled by delivery of the actual commodity; the period between the first notice day and the last trading day of a commodity futures contract.
Maximum Price Fluctuation.
The maximum amount the contract price can change up or down during one trading session, as stipulated by exchange rules. Consult CME Clearing contract specifications for specific price limit information.
MCF (Energy)
Initials For Thousand Cubic Feet, Typically In Reference To A Quantity Of Natural Gas.
Megawatt (MW)
One Million Watts.
Megawatt Hour (MWH)
Amount Of Electricity Needed To Light Ten Thousand 100-Watt Light Bulbs For A One-Hour Period. One Million Watts Used For One Hour.
An individual owning or holding a membership in the Exchange.
Member Firm.
An entity to which membership privileges on the Exchange have been conferred.
Member Performance Bond.
The minimum equity that must be maintained for each contract in a member's account subsequent to deposit of the initial margin. Also see member rate.
Membership or Membership Interest.
The trading right associated with a Class B Share in any of the following classes: Class B-1 (CME Membership), Class B-2 (IMM Membership), Class B-3 (IOM Membership) and Class B-4 (GEM Membership). A membership or membership interest may only be purchased or sold with its associated Class B Share.
Middle Distillate.
Hydrocarbons That Are In The So-Called "Middle Boiling Range" Of Refinery Distillation. Examples Are Heating Oil, Diesel Fuels, And Kerosene.
Million British Thermal Units (Mmbtu)
Approximately equal to a thousand cubic feet (Mcf) of natural gas. Also know as Dekatherm.
Flutuação Mínima de Preço.
The smallest increment of price movement possible in trading a given contract often referred to as a tick. The minimum unit by which the price of a commodity can fluctuate, as established by the Exchange.
Minimum Quantity Order.
An order which is executed only if a certain minimum quantity of that order can be immediately matched.
The Incorrect Matching Of Trades Between Two Brokers Or Between Two Clearing Firms.
Estoque de dinheiro.
The amount of money in the economy, consisting primarily of currency in circulation plus deposits in banks: M-1 U. S. money supply consisting of currency held by the public, traveler's checks, checking account funds, NOW and super - NOW accounts, automatic transfer service accounts, and balances in credit unions. M-2 U. S. money supply consisting M-1 plus savings and small time deposits (less than $100,000) at depository institutions, overnight repurchase agreements at commercial banks, and money market mutual fund accounts. M-3 U. S. money supply consisting of M-2 plus large time deposits ($100,000 or more) at depository institutions, repurchase agreements with maturities longer than one day at commercial banks, and institutional money market accounts.
Motor Gasoline (Mogas)
A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons, with or without small quantities of additives, which have been blended to form a fuel suitable for use in spark-ignition engines.
Refined lubricating oil, usually containing additives, used in internal combustion engines.
Moving Average Chart.
A chart recording moving averages (three-day, ten-day, etc.) of market prices.
Médias Móveis.
A statistical price analysis method of recognizing different price trends. A moving average is calculated by adding the prices for a predetermined number of days and then dividing by the number of days.
Mutual Offset System (MOS)
In 1984 The Cme And The Singapore Exchange (Sgx) Established A Mutual Offset Agreement, Which Resulted In The Implementation Of The Mutual Offset System (Mos. In Accordance With This Agreement, Trades Executed On One Exchange Can Be Transferred To The Books Of A Firm On The Other Exchange. Currently Only Eurodollar, Euroyen, Euroyen Libor And Nikkei Yen Futures Are Eligible Contracts For Mos.
Naked Futures Position.
An open futures position that is not covered by an offsetting futures position or by an options contract against which it can be spread.
Naked Options Position.
An open options contract that is not covered by an offsetting position in the underlying futures commodity or by another options contract against which it can be spread.
Naphthenes.
One Of The Three Basic Hydrocarbon Classifications Found Naturally In Crude Oil. Naphthenes Are Widely Used As Petrochemical Feedstocks.
A Volatile, Colorless Product Of Petroleum Distillation. Used Primarily As A Paint Solvent, Cleaning Fluid, And Blendstock In Gasoline Production.
Narrow-Based Index Future.
Refers To A Futures Contract Based Upon A Security Index That Is Considered Narrow-Based As Defined In Section 1A(25) Of The Commodity Exchange Act.
Associação Nacional de Futuros (NFA)
The National Futures Association. NFA is an independent self-regulatory organization for the U. S. futures industry with no ties to any specific marketplace.
National Introducing Brokers Association.
Established in 1991—the National Introducing Brokers Association is one of the foremost, nationally recognized organizations representing professionals in the futures and options industry.
Gás natural.
A naturally occurring mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases found in porous rock formations. Its principal component is methane.
Natural Gas Luids (NGL)
A general term for all luid products separated from natural gas in a gas processing plant. NGLs include propane, butane, ethane, and natural gasoline.
Perto do dinheiro.
The relationship between an option’s strike price and the value of the underlying instrument, where the strike price is near the underlying instrument’s current market price.
The nearest active trading month of a futures or options on futures contract. Also referred to as the lead month.
Near-The-Money.
The Relationship Between An Option’S Strike Price And The Value Of The Underlying Instrument, Where The Strike Price Is Near The Underlying Instrument’S Current Market Price.
Negative Yield Curve.
A chart in which the yield level is plot on the vertical axis and the term to maturity of debt instruments of similar creditworthiness is plotted on the horizontal axis. The yield curve is positive when long-term rates are higher than short-term rates. However, the yield curve is referred to as negative or inverted as short term rates begin to rise above longer term ones.
Negotiable Warehouse Receipt.
A Legal Document Issued By A Warehouse Describing And Guaranteeing The Existence Of A Specific Quantity (And Sometimes A Specific Grade) Of A Commodity Stored In The Warehouse.
Netback (Energy)
Industry Term Referring To The Net Free On Board Cost Of Product Offered On A Delivered Or Cost, Insurance, And Freight Basis. It Is Derived By Subtracting All Costs Of Shipment From The Landed Price.
Net Change.
The amount of increase or decrease from the previous trading period's settlement price.
Net Margining.
A method by which a clearing firm's margins are based on the net position, e. g. the remaining position after netting long positions in a contract against the short positions in the customer origin. For example, if a firm had only two accounts for two customers in its customer segregated origin and one of those accounts had three open long positions and the other had two open short positions, the firm's margin would be based on the one net long position.
Net Position.
The difference between an individual or firm's open long contracts and open short contracts in any one commodity.
Nominal Price.
The declared price for a futures month sometimes used in place of a closing price when no recent trading has taken place in that particular delivery month; usually an average of the bid and asked prices.
Non-Associated Gas.
Natural Gas In A Reservoir Which Contains No Crude Oil.
Notice Day.
The day the buyer with the oldest long position is matched with the seller's intent and both parties are notified of delivery obligations.
Any Person Who Is Not A Member Of The Exchange.
Non-Member Firm.
An Entity To Which Membership Privileges On The Exchange Have Not Been Conferred.
North America Electric Reliability Council (Nerc)
A Group Formed In 1968 By The Electric Utility Industry To Promote The Reliability And Adequacy Of Bulk Power Supply In The Electric Utility Systems Of North America. Nerc Consists Of 10 Regional Reliability Councils And Encompasses Essentially All The Power Regions Of The Contiguous United States, Canada, And Mexico.
A Discretionary Note On An Order Telling The Floor Broker That He Or She Won'T Be Held Accountable If The Trade Is Executed Outside The Requirements Of The Order.
Except As Otherwise Specifically Provided, A Notice In Writing Emailed To Or Personally Served Upon The Person To Be Notified, Left At His Usual Place Of Business During Business Hours Or Mailed By U. S. First Class Mail, Certified Mail, Registered Mail Or By Overnight Delivery To His Last Known Place Of Business Or Residence.
Notice Day.
The Day The Buyer With The Oldest Long Position Is Matched With The Seller'S Intent And Both Parties Are Notified Of Delivery Obligations.
Valor nocional.
The underlying value (face value), normally expressed in U. S. dollars, of the financial instrument or commodity specified in a futures or options on futures contract.
Octane Number.
A Measure Of The Resistance Of Gasoline To Pre-Ignite Or Knock When Burned In An Internal Combustion Engine.
Offer (Ask Or Sell)
An offer to sell a specific quantity of a commodity at a stated price. (Opposite of a bid.)
Off-Peak (Energy)
The load for the remaining hours that are not on-peak (See on-peak).
To remove an open position from an account by establishing a position equal to or opposite the existing position, making or taking delivery, or exercising an option (i. e., selling if one has bought, or buying if one has sold.
Offsetting a Hedge.
For a short hedger, to buy back futures and sell a commodity. For a long hedger, to sell back futures and buy a commodity. Also called lifting a hedge.
Conta Omnibus.
An account of one Futures Commission Merchant (FCM), the originating FCM, which resides on the books of another FCM (the carrying FCM), in which the transactions of two or more persons are combined and carried in the name of the originating FCM rather than in the name of the individual customers.
On-Peak (Energy)
Refers To Hours Of The Business Day When Demand Is At Its Peak. For Example, The Nymex Division California-Oregon Border And Palo Verde Electricity Futures Contracts Define The On-Peak Period From The Hour Ending 0700 To The Hour Ending 2200 (6 A. M. To 10 P. M.), Prevailing Time. In The Physical Market, On-Peak Definitions Vary By North America Electric Reliability Corporation Region.
One-Cancels-Other (OCO) Order.
A combination of two orders, in which the execution of either one automatically cancels the other.
The Period At The Beginning Of The Trading Session Officially Designated By The Exchange During Which All Transactions Are Considered Made "At The Opening."
Preço de abertura
The Price At Which The First Transaction Was Completed.
Opening Range.
The Price Range Recorded During The Period Designated By The Exchange As The Official Opening.
Interesse aberto.
The total number of futures contracts long or short in a delivery month or market that has been entered into and not yet offset or fulfilled by delivery Also known as Open Contracts or Open Commitments. Cada transação aberta tem um comprador e um vendedor, mas para o cálculo de juros em aberto, apenas um lado do contrato é contado.
Open Market Operation.
The buying and selling of government securities Treasury bills, notes, and bonds by the Federal Reserve.
Ordem aberta.
An order that remains good until filled, canceled, or eliminated. See Good-'till-canceled.
Open Order (Good-till-Cancelled)
An order which remains in force until cancelled. Without such designation, all unfilled orders are cancelled at the end of the Regular Trading Hours Session.
Abra o protesto.
A method of public auction for making bids and offers in the trading pits of futures exchanges.
Posição aberta.
A long or short position that has not been luidated.
The period at the beginning of the trading session officially designated by the exchange during which all transactions are considered made "at the opening."
Opening Only Order.
An order that is to be executed during the time period designated by the Exchange as the Regular Trading Hours session opening range time period. Any remaining unfilled quantity not executed during the time period designated as the opening range will be deemed cancelled.
Preço de abertura
The price at which the first transaction was completed.
Opening Range.
The price range recorded during the period designated by the exchange as the official opening.
A contract that gives the bearer the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a futures contract at a specified price within a specified time period.
Option Buyer.
One who purchases an option and pays a premium.
Option Buyer.
One Who Purchases An Option And Pays A Premium.
Contrato de Opção.
A contract that gives the bearer the right, but not the obligation, to be long or short a futures contract at a specified price within a specified time period. The specified price is called the strike price. The futures contract that the long may establish by exercising the option is referred to as the underlying futures contract.
Opção Premium.
The price a buyer pays for an option. Premiums are arrived at through open competition between buyers and sellers on the trading floor of the exchange.
Option Seller (Writer)
One who sells an option and receives a premium.
Options Series.
All options of the same class which share a common strike price.
Or Better Order (OB)
Order Qualifier That Instructs A Broker To Fill An Order At A Specific Price Or Better.
A request by a trader to buy or sell a given futures instrument with specified conditions such as price, quantity, type of order.
Order-Cancels-Order (OCO)
An Order Qualifer That Consists Of Two Linked Orders, Typically (But Not Always) A Limit Order And A Stop Order, That Both Work Until One Order Is Filled, At Which Time The Other Order Is Canceled.
Order to Pay.
A payment guarantee provided by a buyer's (or in some cases, the seller's) paying bank to CME's agent bank to guarantee payment on a currency delivery transaction. Orders to Pay are due by 1:00 p. m. on the day following the last day of trading in currencies.
Tipos de Pedidos
(Note that not all order types are eligible for execution in a trading pit on Globex and through open outcry. Additionally, order types eligible for both venues may have different meanings depending on whether the order is to be executed in a trading pit via open outcry or through Globex.)
Open Outcry Order Types.
All-or-none (AON) Order.
An order to be executed in designated contracts in a trading pit via open outcry only for its entire quantity at a single price, with a size at or above a predetermined threshold.
Disregard Tape (DRT) or Not-Held Order.
Absent any restrictions, a "DRT" (Not-Held Order) means any order giving a person complete discretion over price and time in execution of the order, including discretion to execute all, some, or none of the order. A member or clearing member shall not accept an order containing the phrase "with a tick, you are held" (or similar such language). It is understood that a floor broker may trade for his own account while holding such an order without violating Rule 530 (“Priority of Customers’ Orders”) provided the customer has previously consented in writing and evidence of such general consent is indicated on the order with the “WP” (with permission) designation.
An instruction to the clearing firm to enter a stop order after execution of a previous order has been achieved.
Fill Or Kill (FOK) Order.
A designation, added to an order, instructing the broker to fill the order immediately in its entirety or not all. If the order is not filled immediately in its entirety, it is cancelled.
Ordem Limitada.
An order with instructions to be executed at a specific price ("limit price") or better.
Market (MKT) Order.
An order with instructions to be executed upon receipt by a floor broker at the best available price.
Market If Touched (MIT) Order.
A sell (buy) order placed above (below) the market which becomes a market order when the designated price is touched.
Market On Close (MOC) Order.
An order to be executed as a market order only in the closing range.
One-Cancels-Other (OCO) Order.
A combination of two orders, in which the execution of either one automatically cancels the other.
Open Order (Good-Til-Canceled)
An order which remains in force until cancelled. Without such designation, all unfilled orders are cancelled at the end of the Regular Trading Hours Session.
Opening Order Only.
An order that is to be executed during the time period designated by the Exchange as the Regular Trading Hours session opening range time period. Any remaining unfilled quantity not executed during the time period designated as the opening range will be deemed cancelled.
Pare a ordem.
An order which becomes a market order when the price designated on the order (the "Stop Price") is elected as described below.
A "Buy Stop" order is placed above the market, and is elected only when the market trades at or above, or is bid at or above, the Stop Price. A "Sell Stop" order is placed below the market, and is elected only when the market trades at or below, or is offered at or below, the Stop Price.
Stop-Close-Only Order.
A stop order which is in effect only during the closing range. It becomes a market order if, during the closing range, the market: (1) in the case of a Buy Stop-Close Only order, trades at or above, or is bid at or above the Stop Price; or (2) in the case of a Sell Stop-Close Only order, trades at or below, or is offered at or below the Stop Price.
Parar ordem de limite.
A stop order which becomes executable at its limit price or better, when and if the market: (1) in the case of a Buy Stop Limit order, trades at or above, or is bid at or above the Stop Price; or (2) in the case of a Sell Stop Limit order, trades at or below, or is offered at or below the Stop Price.
Globex Order Types.
The availability of specific Globex Order Types is dependent on the product, and not all Order Types are available for all products. Supported Order Types by Product are set forth in the Globex Reference Guide (cmegroup/globex/files/GlobexRefGd. pdf)
Combination Order.
A combination of buy and/or sell orders for the same account or accounts with the same ownership, except as provided by Rule 527, at a fixed differential or by some other appropriate pricing convention.
Hidden Quantity Order.
An order which displays only a small portion of the order to the marketplace. When the displayed quantity has been filled, another portion of the order will then be displayed to the marketplace.
Ordem Limitada.
An order to be executed at a specific price ("limit price") or better.
Market With Protection Order.
An order to execute as much of order as possible at the best current offer price (for buy orders) or bid price (for sell orders) within a range of prices predefined by the Exchange (the protected range). Any quantity which cannot be filled within the protected range will remain in the order book as a limit order at the limit of the protected range.
Minimum Quantity Order.
An order which is executed only if a certain minimum quantity of that order can be immediately matched.
Parar ordem de limite.
An order which becomes eligible for execution at its limit price or better when the market trades at or above the stop price in the case of a buy stop limit order or at or below the stop price in the case of a sell stop limit order.
Stop With Protection Order.
An order which becomes eligible for execution when the designated price (the stop price) is traded on Globex. Such orders are filled only within a range of prices predefined by the Exchange (the protected range). When the stop price is triggered, the order enters the order book as a limit order with the limit price equal to the trigger price plus or minus the predefined protected range. Any quantity which cannot be filled within the protected range will remain in the order book as a limit order at the limit price.
Globex Order Duration Qualifiers.
An order eligible to be entered into Globex that does not contain a duration qualifier will be cancelled if not filled during the Trading Day in which it was received or, if it was received between Trading Days, during the next Trading Day. An order may specify one of the following duration qualifiers:
An order that will be canceled if not filled by the conclusion of the Globex trade date for which it was entered.
Fill And Kill.
An order immediately filled in whole or in part at the specified price, with any remaining quantity canceled or eliminated.
Good 'Til Canceled (GTC)
An order which will remain in force until executed, cancelled or the contract expires.
Good 'Til Date (GTD)
An order which will remain in force through a specified trade date unless executed or canceled, or until the contract expires.
Order-Cancels-Order (OCO)
An order qualifer that consists of two linked orders, typically (but not always) a Limit order and a Stop order, that both work until one order is filled, at which time the other order is canceled.
The Type Of Account (House, Customer, Or Customer Non-Segregated) For Which A Trade Was Executed. Also See Segregation Type.
A Planned Outage Is The Shutdown Of A Generating Unit, Transmission Line, Or Other Facility For Inspection And Maintenance, In Accordance With An Advance Schedule. A Forced Outage Is The Unplanned Loss Of Service Of A Generating Unit, Transmission Line, Or Other Facility For Purposes Other Than Inspection And Maintenance.
Out-of-the-Money.
A term used to describe an option that has no intrinsic value. A call option with a strike price higher (or a put with a strike price lower) than the current market value of the underlying futures commodity. Since it depends on current prices, an option can vary from in the money to out of the money with market price movements during the life of the options contract.
Over-the-Counter (OTC) Market.
A market in which custom-tailored contracts such as stocks and foreign currencies are bought and sold between counterparties and are not exchange traded.
Over-the-Counter-Derivative.
Futures and options contracts with terms that do not necessarily adhere to those of a standardized futures contract.
Over-the-Counter-Trading.
Trades that take place outside of a formal futures exchange.
Overbought
A technical opinion of a market which has risen too high in relation to underlying fundamental factors.
A technical opinion of a market which has fallen too low in relation to underlying fundamental factors.
Over The Counter (Otc) Market.
A Market In Which Custom-Tailored Contracts Such As Stocks And Foreign Currencies Are Bought And Sold Between Counterparties And Are Not Exchange Traded.
The simultaneous purchase or sale of an equally weighted, consecutive series of four futures contracts, quoted on an average net change basis from the previous day's settlement price. Packs provide a readily available, widely accepted method for executing multiple futures contracts with a single transaction.
A Subcommittee Selected In Accordance With Committee Procedure To Adjudicate Or Make A Particular Determination. A Decision Of A Panel Shall Be Deemed A Decision Of The Committee.
An Individual Appointed To An Exchange Committee Who Is Entitled To Participate In A Decision On Any Matter Under Consideration By The Committee Or Panel Thereof.
Paper Barrels.
A Term Used To Denote Trade In Non-Physical Oil (Futures, Forwards, Swaps, Etc.) Markets Which Give A Buyer Or Seller The Right To A Certain Quantity And Quality Of Crude Oil Or Refined Products At A Future Date, But Not To Any Specific Physical Lot.
The Grade Or Grades Specified In A Given Futures Contract For Delivery. A Contract May Permit Substitutions For And Deviations From The Par Grade Subject To Specified Premiums Or Discounts. Also Know As Basis Grade.
Participating Exchange.
An Exchange Or Clearing House That Has Entered Into A Business Relationship With The Exchange For Clearing, Order Routing Or Any Other Business Purpose.
Partner Clearinghouse.
The Term “Partner Clearinghouse” Means A Derivatives Clearing Organization Or A Clearinghouse Which Has Agreed To Act In Concert With The Exchange To Facilitate Clearance Of Security Futures Products As Defined Herein. A Partner Clearinghouse Shall Be Considered A Clearing Member For Purposes Of The Rules Except To The Extent Otherwise Provided In An Agreement Between The Exchange And The Partner Clearinghouse.
Payment-In-Kind Program.
A Government Program In Which Farmers Who Comply With A Voluntary Acreage-Control Program And Set Aside An Additional Percentage Of Acreage Specified By The Government Receive Certificates That Can Be Redeemed For Government-Owned Stocks Of Grain.
Performance Bond.
The minimum amount of funds that must be deposited as a performance bond by a customer with his broker, by a broker with a clearing member or by a clearing member with the Clearing House.
Performance Bond Call.
A request from a brokerage firm to a customer to bring performance bond deposits up to minimum levels or a request by CME Clearing to a clearing firm to bring clearing performance bonds back to levels required by the Exchange Rules. Most exchanges refer to this as a "margin call."
Performance Bond To Clearing House.
The minimum dollar deposit required by CME Clearing from its clearing members in accordance with their positions. This is one of the financial safeguards that help to ensure that clearing members (usually companies or corporations) perform on their customers' open futures and options contracts.
It Shall Include The Singular Or Plural, And Individuals, Associations, Partnerships, Corporations And Trusts.
Petrochemical.
An Intermediate Chemical Derived From Petroleum, Hydrocarbon Luids, Or Natural Gas, Such As Ethylene, Propylene, Benzene, Toluene, And Xylene.
A Generic Name For Hydrocarbons, Including Crude Oil, Natural Gas Luids, Refined, And Product Derivatives.
Petroleum Administration For Defense Districts (PADD)
The United States is divided into five distinct marketing regions in which prices might differ due to variations in the supply or demand.
Physical Commodity.
A tangible commodity—such as corn, oil, gold or beef—upon which futures prices are set.
Typically At Expiration, The Risk To A Trader Who Has Sold An Option That Has A Strike Price Identical To, Or Pinned To, The Underlying Futures Price. In This Case, The Trader Will Not Know Whether He Will Be Required To Assume His Options Obligations.
A Pipe Through Which Oil Or Natural Gas Is Pumped Between Two Points, Either Offshore Or Onshore.
The area on the trading floor of where trading in a specific futures or options contracts is conducted by open outcry.
Plain Vanilla Swap.
An individual simultaneously buys and sells the same amount of the same currency with the same counterparty, with the two legs of the transaction maturing on different dates and trading at different exchange rates.
Ponto e Gráfico de Figuras.
A graph of prices charted where Xs denote price increases and Os represent price decreases. A method used by technical analyst to help anticipate price movement.
An obligation to perform in the futures or options market. A long position is an obligation to buy at a specified date in the future. A short position is an obligation to sell at a specified date in the future. However a vast majority of all open positions are simply offset prior to expiration. See also call option and put option.
Position Adjustment.
The position adjustment may increase or decrease a position in a given contract and origin by equal quantities long and short to correct discrepancies in position reporting. The adjustment is made to reconcile out of balance trade conditions between clearing records and transaction records.
Limite de posição
The maximum number of speculative futures contracts one can hold as determined by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and/or the exchange upon which the contract is traded. Also referred to as trading limits.
Posicione o Trader.
A trader who takes a position in anticipation of a longer term trend in the market. Unlike a day trader a position trader hopes to maintain the position over a longer period of time.
Posted Price (Energy)
The Price Some Refiners Will Pay For Crude Of A Certain Api Gravity From A Particular Field Or Area.
Pour Point.
A Temperature 5 Degrees Fahrenheit Higher Than The Temperature At Which Crude Oil Or A Refined Product Stops Flowing.
Power Marketer.
A Wholesale Power Entity That Has Registered With The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission To Buy And Sell Wholesale Power From And To Each Other And Other Public Entities At Market-Derived Prices. Power Marketing Companies Include Investor-Owned, Utility-Affiliated Companies; Natural Gas Marketing Companies; Financial Intermediaries; Independent Power Producers; And Entrepreneurs. Typically, Power Marketers Do Not Own Generating Facilities.
(1) The price paid by the purchaser of an option to the grantor (seller);(2) The amount by which a cash commodity price trades over a futures price or another cash commodity price.
The President Of The Exchange, Or One Duly Authorized To Act In Lieu Of And With The Authority Of The President.
President Of The Clearing House.
The President Of The Clearing House, Or One Duly Authorized To Act In Lieu Of And With The Authority Of The President Of The Clearing House.
Descoberta de Preços.
The process of determining the price for a commodity or financial instrument based on the supply and demand for it in the underlying market.
A chart pattern of the price movement of a commodity when the low price of one bar on a Bar Chart is higher than the high of the preceding bar (or inversely, the high is lower than the low of the preceding bar); depicting a price or price range where no trades take place. The price patterns are used by technical analysts to try to recognize changes in a price trend.
Limite de preço
The maximum daily price fluctuations on a futures contract during any one session, as determined by the Exchange. (Also known as limit).
Transparência de Preços.
Market prices that are universally available in real time, where all market participants have equal access to the same markets and prices at the same time. This facilitates a fair and anonymous trading environment where the best bid and best offer have priority. A level playing field.
Primary Dealer.
A designation given by the Federal Reserve System to commercial banks or broker/dealers who meet specific criteria. Among the criteria are capital requirements and meaningful participation in the Treasury auctions.
Mercado Primário.
(1) For producers, their major purchaser of commodities; (2) in commercial marketing channels, an important center at which spot commodities are concentrated for shipment to terminal markets; and (3) to processors, the market that is the major supplier of their commodity needs.
Primary Stocks (Energy)
Stocks of crude oil or refined products held in storage at leases, refineries, natural gas processing plants, pipelines, tankfarms, and bulk terminals that can store at least 50,000 barrels of refined products.
Prime Rate.
Interest rate charged by institutional banks to their larger most creditworthy customers.
Processing Plant (Energy)
Plant Which Separates Natural Gas Into Methane And The Various Other Gases (E. G., Propane, Butane, Ethane).
Índice de Preços do Produtor (PPI)
A Measure Of The Average Change In Prices Received By Domestic Producers For Their Output. Most Of The Data Is Collected Through A Systematic Sampling Of Producers In Manufacturing, Mining, And Service Industries, And Is Published Monthly By The Bureau Of Labor Statistics.
Prompt Barrel (Energy)
Luid Petroleum Product Which Will Move Or Become Available Within Three To Four Days.
A Natural Hydrocarbon Occurring In A Gaseous State Under Normal Atmospheric Pressure And Temperature, However, Propane Is Usually Luefied Through Pressurization For Transportation And Storage. Propane Is Primarily Used For Rural Heating And Cooking And As A Fuel Gas In Areas Not Serviced By Natural Gas Mains And As A Petrochemical Feed Stock.
Pump Over (Energy)
An Intra, Or Inter-Facility Transfer. For Example, When One Pipeline Pumps Crude Oil Or Refined Products From Its Tanks Or Mainline Into The Mainline Or Storage Tank Of The Receiving Pipeline.
Purchase and Sales (P&S) Statement.
A statement issued by an FCM to a customer when his or her futures or options position has changed, showing the number of contracts involved, the prices at which the contracts were bought or sold, the gross profit or loss, the commission charges, and the net profit or loss on the transactions.
Purchase Date.
The date on which a long position, used to assign agricultural deliveries, is established on a clearing firm's books.
Pure Hedger.
A person who places a hedge to lock in a price for a commodity. He or she offsets the hedge and transacts in the cash market simultaneously.
Opção de venda
A contract that provides the purchaser the right (but not the obligation) to sell a futures contract at an agreed price (the strike price) at any time during the life of the option. A put option is purchased in the expectation of a decline in price.
The time for which the order is valid FAK, Session, FOK, Day, GTC, GTD. Validity field options. See CME Globex Order Duration Qualifiers.
Qualifying Facility (QF)
A Generator Or Small Power Producer That Meets Certain Ownership, Operating, And Efficiency Criteria Established By The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, And Has Filed With Ferc For Qf Status Or Has Self-Certified. Qfs Are Physical Generating Facilities.
Number of units or lots of a futures contract. Sometimes also called size.
(1) The actual price, bid, or asked price of either cash commodities or futures contracts; (2) An indication of current bids and offers in the market on a particular instrument or spread.
Cite a moeda.
Currency Being Used To Pay For The Transaction.
A market reaction resulting in an upward movement of prices. The opposite of a decline.
The difference between the highest and lowest prices recorded during a given time period, trend, or trading session.
Relação Spread.
This strategy, which applies to both puts and calls, involves buying or selling options at one strike price in greater number than those bought or sold at another strike price.
Reciprocal Of European Terms.
One method of quoting exchange rates, which measured the U. S. dollar value of one foreign currency unit, i. e., U. S. dollars per foreign units. See European Terms.
An Act Carried Out By A Seller Who Has Tendered A Live Cattle Delivery Certificate That The Assigned Buyer Has Retendered. A Seller Will Do This To Collect The Retender Fee. To Reclaim, The Original Seller Establishes A Long Position In The Pit And Submits A Reclaim Notice. If No One Demands The Certificate Of Delivery, The Seller Takes Assignment Of His Own Retendered Certificate And Collects The Accrued Retender Fee, Thus Eliminating The Delivery Obligation.
Reference Price.
The Price Of Future Contract Used As "Reference" E. G., For Determining An Opening Price, Starting An Algorithm, Or Figuring Into An Index; Is Usually The Settlement Price Or Last Closing Price.
Reference Regular Trading Hours.
For A Contract'S Cme Globex Trading Hours On A Given Calendar Day Beginning After That Contract'S Rth Session On That Calendar Day And Ending No Later Than 4:00 P. M., Chicago Time, On That Same Calendar Day, The Reference Regular Trading Hours (Rth) Session Is That Contract'S Second-Previous Rth Session. For A Contract'S Cme Globex Trading Hours Beginning At Or After 4:00 P. M., Chicago Time, And Ending No Later Than The Start Of That Contract'S Next Rth Session, The Reference Regular Trading Hours (Rth) Session Is That Contract'S Previous Rth Session.
Refiner-Distributor.
A Company That Acts As A Wholesaler Of Gasoline, Heating Oil, Or Other Products Which Operates Its Own Refinery; May Also Retail And Buy Additional Supplies To Supplement Its Own Refining Output.
A company that acts as a wholesaler of gasoline, heating oil, or other products which operates its own refinery; may also retail and buy additional supplies to supplement its own refining output.
Reforming Process.
The Use Of Heat And Catalysts To Effect The Rearrangement Of Certain Hydrocarbon Molecules Without Altering Their Composition Appreciably; For Example, The Conversion Of Low-Octane Naphthas Or Gasolines Into High-Octane Number Products.
Registered Representative.
A Person Employed By, And Soliciting Business For, A Commission House Or Futures Commission Merchant. See Also Associated Person.
Regular Trading Hours (RTH)
Those hours designated for open outcry trading of the relevant product as determined from time to time.
Reporting Levels.
Sizes of positions set by the exchanges and/or the CFTC at or above which commodity traders or brokers who carry these accounts must make daily reports about the size of the position by commodity, by delivery month, and whether the position is controlled by a commercial or non-commercial trader.
Repurchase Agreement or Repo.
An agreement between a seller and a buyer, usually in U. S. government securities, in which the seller agrees to buy back the security at a later date.
Pedido de Orçamento (RFQ)
An electronic message disseminated on Globex for the purpose of soliciting bids or offers for specific contract(s) or combinations of contracts.
Reserve Requirements.
The minimum amount of cash and luid assets as a percentage of demand deposits and time deposits that member banks of the Federal Reserve are required to maintain.
Residual Fuel Oil.
Heavy Fuel Oil Produced From The Residue In The Fractional Distillation Process Rather Than From The Distilled Fractions.
Resistance Line.
The place on a chart where the selling of futures contracts is sufficient to halt a rise in prices.
Resting Order.
An order away from the market, waiting to be executed.
An act that an assigned long may perform to avoid obligation to receive delivery of live cattle. To avoid obligation, the assigned long must establish a short position on the business day following assignment and pay a retender fee.
Retracement.
A price move in the opposite direction of a recent trend.
Reverse Crush Spread.
The sale of soybean futures and the simultaneous purchase of soybean oil and meal futures.
(1)The possibility of loss. (2) The dollar difference between the current price and the price at which the luidation of open positions would occur. (3) The portion of the performance bond requirement associated with the likely worst case change in value from one day to the next.
Gerenciamento de riscos.
Identifying, analyzing and either mitigating or absorbing the price risk in investing or business planning.
As pertaining to an existing futures position, exiting your current delivery month and entering the next expiring month. For example, if long a December contract, offsetting that position (by selling) and entering a postion in the next expiration (by buying).
A completed transaction involving both a purchase and a luidating sale, or a sale followed by a covering purchase. A round turn counts both the buy and the sell as one event. In a typical exchange volume measurement, a one-contract trade would be counted as one round turn (i. e., single event, same trade, different customers). From the customer's perspective, a round turn represents two filled orders from his or her brokerage firm - one to take a position and one to offset that position (i. e., same customer, different trades).
The Certificate of Incorporation, By-Laws, rules, interpretations, orders, resolutions, advisories, notices, manuals and similar directives of the Exchange, and all amendments thereto. The trading and clearing of all Exchange futures, options on futures, cleared-only and spot contracts shall be subject to the rules.
Runaway Gap.
A gap in prices after a trend has begun that signals the halfway point of a market move.
Messengers Who Rush Orders Received By Phone Clerks To Brokers For Execution In The Pit.
To trade for small gains. Scalping normally involves establishing and luidating a position quickly, usually within secconds.
A speculator on an exchange floor who trades in and out of the market on very small price fluctuations. The scalper, trading in this manner, provides market luidity but seldom carries a position overnight.
Mercado secundário.
Market where previously issued securities are bought and sold.
Security Futures Products.
A contract based on securities products as such term is defined by 1a(32) of the Commodity Exchange Act. Security Futures Products (“SFPs”) include futures contracts based upon a single security (or “stock futures”); futures contracts based upon a narrow-based security index; and, options on any security futures as those terms are defined in Sections 1a(25) and 1a(31) of the Commodity Exchange Act.
Segregation Type.
The account which holds open position for customer (segregated), for the house (non-segregated), and for customer non-segregated origins.
Self-Regulatory Organization (SRO)
Futures exchanges and regulatory entities that set rules and regulations and have internal functions that perform complex checks and balances to adhere to the principles they set.
A person who takes a short futures position or grants (sells) a commodity option. An option seller is also called a marker, grantor, or granter, or writer.
Seller's Market.
A condition of the market in which there is a scarcity of goods available and hence sellers can obtain better conditions of sale or higher prices. Opposite of buyer's market.
Selling Climax.
An extraordinarily high volume occurring suddenly in a downtrend, signaling the end of the trend.
Selling Hedge or Short Hedge.
Selling futures contracts to protect against possible declining prices of commodities that will be sold in the future. At the time the cash commodities are sold, the open futures position is closed by purchasing an equal number and type of futures contracts as those that were initially sold. The practice of offsetting the price risk inherent in any cash market position by taking an equal but opposite position in the futures market. Hedgers use the futures markets to protect their business from adverse price changes.
Serial Options.
Options for months for which there are no futures contracts. The underlying futures contract for a serial option month would be the next nearby futures contract.
Assentamento.
The delivery of cash or commodities in exchange for payment, as specified by the terms of the underlying contract.
Settlement Price.
The official daily closing price of futures and options on futures contracts, as determined in accordance with Rule 813, used by the Clearing House for marking all open positions at the close of the daily settlement cycle.
Settlement Variation.
The change in dollar amount calculated by the Clearing House for clearing members figured to the daily settlement price on the basis of their positions.
A Seek Limit order has a price limit automatically assigned (up to the fifth best price level) to the order when sent and seeks to fill the entire quantity. Available only on CME Globex Trader.
An open futures or options position where you have been a net seller. The opposite of being long.
Short Hedge.
The sale of a futures contract in anticipation of a later cash market sale. Used to eliminate or minimize the possible decline in value of ownership of an approximately equal amount of the cash financial instrument or physical commodity. See hedge.
Short-Term Interest Rates.
Interest Rates On Loan Contracts--Or Debt Instruments Such As Treasury Bills, Bank Certificates Of Deposit, Or Commercial Paper--Having Maturities Of Less Than One Year. Often Called Money Market Rates.
Short The Basis.
Position where a hedger is short the cash market and long the futures market.
Short-Term Interest Rates.
Interest rates on loan contracts--or debt instruments such as Treasury bills, bank certificates of deposit, or commercial paper--having maturities of less than one year. Often called money market rates.
Each buy and sell represents ½ of a trade. Every contract that trades has two sides - the buy side and the sell side. Taken together, these two sides equal one unit of volume known as a round turn.
Side-by-Side Trading.
Where a single futures contract trades in two locations at the same time. Usually on a trading floor via open outcry as well as on an electronic trading platform.
Single-Stock Futures (SSF)
OneChicago, LLC is a joint venture created by Chicago Mercantile Exchange® (CME), Chicago Board of Options Exchange® (CBOE), and Chicago Board of Trade® (CBOT), to trade single stock futures (SSF) and narrow-based stock indexes.
Natural Gas Found With A Sufficiently High Quantity Of Sulfur To Require Purifying Prior To Shipment Or Use.
Sour Or Sweet Crude.
Industry Terms Which Denote The Relative Degree Of A Given Crude Oil'S Sulfur Content. Sour Crude Refers To Those Crudes With A Comparatively High Sulfur Content, 0.5% By Weight And Above; Sweet Refers To Those Crudes With Sulfur Content Of Less Than 0.5%.
Span® Performance Bond System.
The Standard Portfolio Analysis of Risk (SPAN) Performance Bond System). A program that determines portfolio performance bond requirements for futures, options, cash, and other instruments. SPAN is a portfolio based approach to risk management and performance bond calculations. CME Clearing uses SPAN to calculate overnight margin for it’s clearing firms and clearing firms use SPAN to margin their customers.
Spark Spread.
The Spark Spread Reflects The Costs Or Anticipated Costs Of Producing Power From A Specific Facility. It Can Be Used As A Method Of Converting Millions Of Btus To Megawatt Hours And Vice Versa, And Thus Relates Well To The Electricity And Natural Gas Futures Contracts. The Spread Is Simply The Heat Rate (A Proxy For Efficiency) Of A Specific Generating Unit Or Power System (The Number Of Btus Needed To Make One Kilowatt Hour Of Electricity), Multiplied By The Cost Of Energy Expressed As Dollars Per British Thermal Units (Btus). For Example, If It Takes 10,000 Btus To Make One Kilowatt Hour Of Electricity, The Formula Can Be Simplified By Multiplying The Price Per Million Btus (Mmbtu) By 10 To Equate One Mmbtu Of Natural Gas To One Megawatt Hour (Mwh) Of Electricity. The Usefulness Of The Spread Evaluation Is Dependent On The Market Price For Power Which Reflects The Relationship Of The Supply And Demand For Power, Not The Efficiencies Of The Generating Units. Other Costs Affecting The Price Of Power Using The Spark Spread Evaluation Include Those Of Gas Transportation, Power Transmission, Plant Operations And Maintenance, And Fixed Costs. Because The Electricity Futures Contract Is Specified In Lots Of 736 Megawatt Hours, And The Natural Gas Futures Contracts Are Specified In Units Of 10,000 Million Btus, One Power Contract Equates To 0.736 Natural Gas Contracts.
Specifications.
1) Contract Terms Specified By The Exchange. 2) Term Referring To The Properties Of A Given Crude Oil Or Refined Petroleum Product, Which Are "Specified" Since They Often Vary Widely Even Within The Same Grade Of Product. In The Normal Process Of Negotiation, Seller Will Guarantee Buyer That The Product Or Crude To Be Sold Will Meet Certain Specified Limits. Generally, The Major Properties Of Oil That Are Guaranteed Are Api Gravity, Sulfur, Pour Point, Viscosity, And Bs&W.
Specific Gravity.
The ratio of the density of a substance at 60 degrees Farenheit to the density of water at the same temperature.
Specifications.
1) Contract terms specified by the Exchange. 2) Term referring to the properties of a given crude oil or refined petroleum product, which are "specified" since they often vary widely even within the same grade of product. In the normal process of negotiation, seller will guarantee buyer that the product or crude to be sold will meet certain specified limits. Generally, the major properties of oil that are guaranteed are API gravity, sulfur, pour point, viscosity, and BS&W.
Limite de posição especulativa.
The maximum position, either net long or net short, in one commodity futures or options, or in all futures or options of one commodity combined, which may be held or controlled by an entity without a hedge exemption as prescribed by an exchange or the Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
Speculator.
An individual who accepts market risk in an attempt to profit from buying and selling futures and/or options contracts by correctly anticipating future price movements.
The actual physical commodity as distinguished from the futures contract that is based on the physical commodity. Also referred to as “cash commodity.”
Mercado Spot.
The market in which cash transactions for the physical commodity occurs -- (cattle, currencies, stocks, etc.) are bought and sold for cash and delivered immediately.
Spot Month.
The contract month of a futures contract which is also the current calendar month.
Preço Spot.
The price at which a physical commodity for immediate delivery is selling at a given time and place. The cash price.
The price difference between two contracts. Holding a long and a short position in two or more related futures or options on futures contracts, with the objective of profiting from a change in the price relationship.
Spread Order Or Combination Order.
A combination of buy and/or sell orders for the same account, except as provided by Rule 527, at the market, at a fixed differential or by some other appropriate pricing convention. Also referred to as a combination order.
Desvio padrão.
A representation of the risk associated with a financial instrument (stocks, bonds, etc.) or a portfolio of investments. The larger the standard deviation in a given period, the greater implied risk. Risk is an important factor in determining how to efficiently manage investments and understanding the standard deviation gives investors a statistical basis for their decisions.
Steer/Corn Ratio.
The relationship of cattle prices to feeding costs. It is measured by dividing the price of cattle ($/hundredweight) by the price of corn ($/bushel). When corn prices are high relative to cattle prices, fewer units of corn equal the dollar value of 100 pounds of cattle. Conversely, when corn prices are low in relation to cattle prices, more units of corn are required to equal the value of 100 pounds of beef. A ratio used to express the relationship of feeding costs to the dollar value of livestock.
Stock Index.
A statistic reflecting the composite value of a selected group of stocks. How a particular stock index tracks the overall market depends on the sampling of stocks, the weighing of individual stocks, and the method of averaging used to establish the index. Many indexes are used to benchmark the performance of portfolios such as mutual funds.
Stop Close Only.
A stop order that is executed only if the stop price is triggered during the closing range of the trading session.
Stop Limit Order (STL)
A stop order which becomes executable at its limit price or better, when and if the market: (1) in the case of a Buy Stop Limit order, trades at or above, or is bid at or above the Stop Price; or (2) in the case of a Sell Stop Limit order, trades at or below, or is offered at or below the Stop Price.
Stop Order (STP)
An order that becomes a market order when a particular price level is reached. A sell stop is placed below the market; a buy stop is placed above the market. Sometimes referred to as Stop Loss Order.
Stop With Protection.
Electronic stop orders at CME Group are implemented using a “Stop with Protection” approach. Unlike a conventional Stop order, where customers are at risk of having their orders filled at extreme prices, Stop with Protection orders are filled within a predefined range of prices (the protected range). A Stop with Protection order is triggered when the designated price is traded on the market. The order then enters the order book as a Limit order with the limit price equal to the trigger price, plus or minus the pre-defined protected range. The protected range is typically the trigger price, plus or minus 50 percent of the No Bust range for that product. The order is executed at all price levels between the trigger and limit price. If the order is not completely filled, the remaining quantity rests in the market at the limit price. A buy Stop order must have a trigger price greater than the last traded price for the instrument. A sell Stop order must have a trigger price lower than the last traded price.
Storage Gain.
The Selling Price Received After Storage Minus The Previous Harvest Market Price.
The purchase or sale of an equal number of puts and calls, with the same strike price and expiration dates. A long straddle is a straddle in which a long position is taken in both a put and a call option. A short straddle is a straddle in which a short position is taken in both a put and a call option.
The purchase of a put and a call, in which the options have the same expiration and the put strike is lower than the call strike, called a long strangle. Also the sale of a put and a call, in which the options have the same expiration and the put strike is lower than the call strike, called a short strangle.
Preço de Ataque.
The terms "exercise price", "strike price" and "striking price" shall be synonymous and mean the price at which the futures contract underlying the options contract will be assigned upon exercise of the option. For options contracts which are exercised into multiple futures contracts, the exercise price represents the spread price differential between the futures contracts.
Striking Price.
The terms "exercise price", "strike price" and "striking price" shall be synonymous and mean the price at which the futures contract underlying the options contract will be assigned upon exercise of the option. For options contracts which are exercised into multiple futures contracts, the exercise price represents the spread price differential between the futures contracts.
The simultaneous purchase (or sale) of futures positions in consecutive months. The average of the prices for the futures contracts bought (or sold) is the price level of the hedge. A six-month strip, for example, consists of an equal number of futures contracts for each of six consecutive contract months. Also known as a calendar strip.
The quantity of a commodity that producers are willing to provide to the market at a given price.
The place on a chart where the buying of futures contracts is sufficient to halt a price decline.
A custom-tailored, individually negotiated transaction designed to manage financial risk, usually over a period of one to 12 years. Swaps can be conducted directly by two counterparties, or through a third party such as a bank or brokerage house. The writer of the swap, such as a bank or brokerage house, may elect to assume the risk itself, or manage its own market exposure on an exchange. Swap transactions include interest rate swaps, currency swaps, and price swaps for commodities, including energy and metals. In a typical commodity or price swap, parties exchange payments based on changes in the price of a commodity or a market index, while fixing the price they effectively pay for the physical commodity. The transaction enables each party to manage exposure to commodity prices or index values. Settlements are usually made in cash.
Simultaneous purchase and sale of currencies or interest rate products in spot and forward market transactions.
Synthetic Call Option.
A combination of a long futures contract and a long put, called a synthetic long call. Also, a combination of a short futures contract and a short put, called a synthetic short call.
Synthetic Futures.
A combination of a put and a call with the same strike price, in which both are bullish, called synthetic long futures. Also, a combination of a put and a call with the same strike price, in which both are bearish, called synthetic short futures.
Synthetic Option.
A combination of a futures contract and an option, in which one is bullish and one is bearish.
Synthetic Put Option.
A combination of a short futures contract and a long call, called a synthetic long put. Also, a combination of a long futures contract and a short call, called a synthetic short put.
Synthetic Spot.
Futures price information that is consistent with spot market convention where positive or negative forward points are added to the futures price to produce an equivalent spot price.
With The Fix Protocol, A Delimited Message Component That Contains A Particular Purpose-Not Just Start Or Stop. Example: Tag 50 In A Message Indicates The Real Trader'S Id, Not Just The Company He Or She Works For.
Preço alvo.
An expected selling or buying price. For long and short hedges with futures: futures price + expected basis. For puts: futures price - premium + expected basis. For calls: futures price + premium + expected basis.
Tariff (Energy)
A Schedule Of Rates Or Charges Permitted A Common Carrier Or Utility; Pipeline Tariffs Are The Charges Made By Pipelines For Transporting Crude Oil, Refined Products, Or Natural Gas From An Origin To A Destination.
Trade at Settlement. A TAS is an order type that specifies the day's settlement price as the order price. This column represents the number of TAS transactions for the given date.
Análise técnica.
An approach to forecasting commodity prices which examines patterns of price change, rates of change, and changes in volume of trading and open interest, without regard to underlying fundamental market factors.
CME® TeleSTAT is an automated phone system that provides individual traders the ability to cancel and status CME Globex® orders. After entering a unue ID and PIN, users quickly navigate through the menu prompts to expedite their requests.
Tender (Intent)
An Intention To Deliver, Submitted To The Clearing House Against A Futures Contract.
Valor teórico.
An option's value generated by a mathematical model given certain prior assumptions about the term of the option, the characteristics of the underlying futures contract, and prevailing interest rates.
100,000 British thermal units. A dekatherm is 1 million Btu's.
The measure of the change in an option's premium given a change in the option's time until expiration. Equal to the change in the option's premium divided by the change in time to expiration.
Throughput (Energy)
1) A Term Used To Describe The Total Volume Of Raw Materials That Are Processed By A Plant Such As An Oil Refinery In A Given Period. 2) The Total Volume Of Crude Oil And Refined Products That Are Handled By A Tank Farm, Pipeline, Or Terminal Loading Facility.
The minimum fluctuation in price allowed for a futures or options contract during a trading session as specified by the contract terms in CME Rulebook.
Summarized display of almost instantaneous information on instruments of an exchange. Provides information on performed trades by displaying the instrument and the last trade price in scrolling mode.
Except as otherwise specifically provided, any reference to time shall mean local Chicago time.
Time And Sales Data.
Data that provides price and time information of every transaction throughout the day.
Decaimento do Tempo.
Decline in the theoretical value of an option position based solely on the passage of time.
Time Spread.
The selling of a nearby option and buying of a more deferred option with the same strike price. Also known as a Calendar or Horizontal Spread.
Valor do tempo.
The amount by which an option's premium exceeds its intrinsic value. Usually relative to the time remaining before the option expires.
Valor do tempo.
The Amount By Which An Option'S Premium Exceeds Its Intrinsic Value. Usually Relative To The Time Remaining Before The Option Expires.
Total Return Asset Contracts (Trakrs)
Total Return Asset Contractssm (Trakrs) Are Designed To Enable Customers To Track An Index Of Stocks, Bonds, Currencies Or Other Financial Instruments. Trakrs Are Futures Contracts Based On An Index That Is Calculated On A Total Return Basis. Declared Dividends And Other Distributions Are Included In The Calculation Of The Index.
The term "trade" shall mean any purchase or sale of any commodity futures or options contract made on the Exchange.
Balança comercial.
The difference between a nation's imports and exports of merchandise.
Data de Negociação.
The date on which a trade was executed.
Trade Price.
The price at which a trade was executed on the original trade date.
(1) A person who takes positions in the futures market, usually without the intention of making or taking delivery; (2) A member of the exchange who buys and sells futures and options through the floor of the exchange. See "day trader", "floor broker", "position trader," and "scalper".
Dia de Negociação.
A trading day shall mean the hours of trading as determined by the board for each contract starting with the opening of trading and ending with the close of trading for such contract.
Trading Limit.
The maximum number of speculative futures contracts one can hold as determined by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and/or the exchange upon which the contract is traded. Also referred to as position limit.
Trading Session.
A trading session will mean either the pit trading session (the hours designated for open outcry trading for a product) and/or the Globex session (the hours on a particular trading day when a product can be traded on Globex).
Transmission Company (Energy)
Company That Transports Gas For Resale On Its Own Behalf Or Transports Gas For Others. Also Known As A Pipeline Company.
Transparência.
The amount of access a market openly offers about its activities and financial information.
Conta do Tesouro.
A Treasury bill is a short-term U. S. government obligation with an original maturity of one year or less. Unlike a bond or note, a bill does not pay a semi-annual, fixed rate coupon. A bill is typically issued at a price below its par value and is therefore a discounted instrument. The level of the discount depends on the level of prevailing interest rates. In general, the higher short-term interest rates are, the greater the discount. The return to an investor in bills is simply the difference between the issue price and par value.
Obrigação do Tesouro.
Government-debt security with a coupon and original maturity of more than 10 years. Interest is paid semiannually.
Nota do Tesouro.
Government-debt security with a coupon and original maturity of one to 10 years.
The general direction of the market.
Subjacente.
The stock, commodity, futures contract, or cash index against which a futures or options contract is valued.
Underlying Futures Contract.
The futures contract that may be purchased (in the case of a call) or sold (in the case of a put upon the exercise of the option.
The ability to choose the legs of a spread if the spread is not identified by CME already.
User Defined Spreads.
The ability to choose the legs of a spread if the spread is not identified by CME already.
Unue Trading Identifier. See "Sle User Id."
Payment made on a daily or intraday basis by a clearing member to the clearinghouse to cover losses created by adverse price movement in positions carried by the clearing member, calculated separately for customer and proprietary positions.
The measure of the change in an option's premium for a 1% change in the volatility of the underlying futures contract. Equal to the change in premium divided by 1% change in volatility.
Propagação Vertical.
Buying and selling puts or calls of the same expiration month but having different strike prices.
Virtual Private Network (VPN)
A private data network that makes use of the public telecommunication infrastructure, maintaining privacy through the use of a tunneling protocol and security procedures.
A Method Of Measuring A Given Luid'S Resistance To Flow, Usually Decreasing With Increasing Temperatures. Material With Higher Viscosity Is More Resistant To Flow.
Volatilidade.
A measurement of the change in price over a given time period.
Volatility Quote.
An alternative means of quoting options, or combinations involving options, by bidding or offering the implied volatility. Any transactions quoted in volatility terms will be translated into price terms for clearing purposes by means of a standard options pricing model maintained and disseminated by the exchange.
The number of contracts in futures or options on futures transacted during a specified period of time.
Warehouse Receipt.
A Document Indicating A Specific Contract And Location Information Of A Commodity In Storage; Commonly Used As The Instrument Of Transfer Of Ownership In Both Cash And Futures Transactions.
Warrant (Metals)
A Document Of Title Issued By A Warehouse Or Depository For A Specific Lot Of Stored Metal That Meets The Specifications Of The Corresponding Exchange Metals Futures Contract. Metal That Is "On Warrant" Is Eligible For Delivery Against A Short Position On The Exchange.
West Texas Intermediate (WTI)
A grade of crude oil deliverable against the New York Mercantile Exchange light, sweet crude oil contract. Nominally, the benchmark crude of the U. S. oil industry.
Wet Barrel (Energy)
A Physical Barrel Of Crude Oil Or Refined Product As Opposed To A "Paper Barrel."
Natural Gas Containing Condensable Hydrocarbons.
Wire House.
An individual or organization that solicits or accepts orders to buy or sell futures contracts or options on futures and accepts money or other assets from customers to support such orders. Also referred to as "commission house" or Futures Commission Merchant (FCM).
With Discretion (Disc) Or Disregard The Tape (Drt)
A Note On An Order Telling The Floor Broker To Use His Or Her Own Good Judgment In Filling The Order.
The issuer or seller of an option contract.
Market slang for a billion.
1) A measure of the annual return on an investment expressed as a percentage. 2) The proportion of heavy or light products which can be derived from a given barrel of crude oil.
Yield Change.
One day's change in the futures' interest rate - equal and opposite to change in the settlement price.
Yield Curve.
A chart that graphically depicts the yields of different maturity bonds of the same credit quality and type. Yield is depicted on the vertical axis and maturity on the horizontal axis. A normal yield curve is upward sloping, with short-term rates lower than long-term rates. An inverted yield curve is downward sloping, with short-term rates higher than long-term rates. A flat yield curve occurs when short-term rates are the same as long-term rates.
Yield-to-Maturity.
The rate of return an investor receives if a fixed-income security is held to maturity.
Jogo de soma zero.
Type of game when one player gains only at the expense of another player.

Glossary of Supply Chain Terms.
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ABC Analysis: A classification of items in an inventory according to importance defined in terms of criteria such as sales volume and purchase volume.
ABC Classification: Classification of a group of items in decreasing order of annual dollar volume or other criteria. This array is then split into three classes called A, B, and C. The A group represents 10 to 20% by number of items, and 50 to 70% by projected dollar volume. The next grouping, B, represents about 20% of the items and 20% of the dollare volume. The C-class contains 60 to 70% of the items, and represents about 10 to 30% of the dollar volume.
ABC Inventory Control: An inventory control approach based on the ABC volume or sales revenue classification of products (A items are highest volume or revenue, C - or perhaps D - are lowest volume SKUs.)
ABC Model: In cost management, a representation of resource costs during a time period that are consumed through activities and traced to products, services, and customers, or to any other object that creates a demand for the activity to be performed.
ABC System: In cost management, a system that maintains financial and operating data on an organization's resources, activities, drivers, objects and measures. ABC Models are created and maintained within this system.
Abnormal Demand: Demand in any period that is outside the limits established by management policy. This demand may come from a new customer or from existing customers whose own demand is increasing or decreasing. Care must be taken in evaluating the nature of the demand: Is it a volume change, is it a change in product mix, or is it related to the timing of the order?
Absorption Costing: In cost management, an approach to inventory valuation in which variable costs and a portion of fixed costs are assigned to each unit of production. The fixed costs are usually allocated to units of output on the basis of direct labor hours, machine hours, or material costs. Synonym: Allocation Costing.
Accelerated Commercial Release Operations Support System (ACROSS): A Canada Customs system to speed the release of shipments by allowing electronic transmission of data to and from Canada Customs 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Acceptable Quality Level (AQL): In quality management, when a continuing series of lots is considered, AQL represents a quality level that, for the purposes of sampling inspection, is the limit of a satisfactory process average.
Acceptable Sampling Plan: In quality management, a specific plan that indicates the sampling sizes and the associated acceptance or non-acceptance criteria to be used. Also see: Acceptance Sampling.
Acceptance Number: In quality management, 1) A number used in acceptance sampling as a cut off at which the lot will be accepted or rejected. For example, if x or more units are bad within the sample, the lot will be rejected. 2) The value of the test statistic that divides all possible values into acceptance and rejection regions. Also see: Acceptance Sampling.
Acceptance Sampling: 1) The process of sampling a portion of goods for inspection rather than examining the entire lot. The entire lot may be accepted or rejected based on the sample even though the specific units in the lot are better or worse than the sample. There are two types: attributes sampling and variables sampling. In attributes sampling, the presence or absence of a characteristic is noted in each of the units inspected. In variables sampling, the numerical magnitude of a characteristic is measured and recorded for each inspected unit; this type of sampling involves reference to a continuous scale of some kind. 2) A method of measuring random samples of lots or batches of products against predetermined standards.
Accessibility: A carrier's ability to provide service between an origin and a destination.
Accessorial Charges: A carrier's charge for accessorial services such as loading, unloading, pickup, and delivery, or any other charge deemed appropriate.
Accountability: Being answerable for, but not necessarily personally charged with, doing specific work. Accountability cannot be delegated, but it can be shared. For example, managers and executives are accountable for business performance even though they may not actually perform the work.
Accounts Payable (A/P): The value of goods and services acquired for which payment has not yet been made.
Accounts Receivable (A/R): The value of goods shipped or services rendered to a customer on whom payment has not been received. Usually includes an allowance for bad debts.
Accreditation: Certification by a recognized body of the facilities, capability, objectivity, competence, and integrity of an agency, service, operational group, or individual to provide the specific service or operation needed. For example, the Registrar Accreditation Board accredits those organizations that register companies to the ISO 9000 Series Standards.
Accredited Standards Committee (ASC): A committee of ANSI chartered in 1979 to develop uniform standards for the electronic interchange of business documents. The committee develops and maintains US generic standards (X12) for Electronic Data Interchange.
Accumulation Bin: A place, usually a physical location, used to accumulate all components that go into an assembly before the assembly is sent out to the assembly floor. Synonym: Assembly Bin.
Accuracy: In quality management, the degree of freedom from error or the degree of conformity to a standard. Accuracy is different from precision. For example, four-significant-digit numbers are less precise than six-significant-digit numbers; however, a properly computed four-significant-digit number might be more accurate than an improperly computed six-significant-digit number.
Acknowledgement: A communication by a supplier to advise a purchaser that a purchase order has been received. It usually implies acceptance of the order by the supplier.
Acquisition Cost: In cost accounting, the cost required to obtain one or more units of an item. It is order quantity times unit cost.
Action Message: An alert that an MRP or DRP system generates to inform the controller of a situation requiring his or her attention.
Active Stock: Goods in active pick locations and ready for order filling.
Activity: Work performed by people, equipment, technologies, or facilities. Activities are usually described by the action-verb-adjective-noun grammar convention. Activities may occur in a linked sequence and activity-to-activity assignments may exist. (1) In activity-based cost accounting, a task or activity, performed by or at a resource, required in producing the organization's output of goods and services. A resource may be a person, machine, or facility. Activities are grouped into pools by type of activity and allocated to products. (2) In project management, an element of work on a project. It usually has an anticipated duration, anticipated cost, and expected resource requirements. Sometimes major activity is used for larger bodies of work.
Activity Analysis: The process of identifying and cataloging activities for detailed understanding and documentation of their characteristics. An activity analysis is accomplished by means of interviews, group sessions, questionnaires, observations, and reviews of physical records of work.
Activity-Based Budgeting (ABB): An approach to budgeting where a company uses an understanding of its activities and driver relationships to quantitatively estimate workload and resource requirements as part of an ongoing business plan. Budgets show the types, number of, and cost of resources that activities are expected to consume based on forecasted workloads. The budget is part of an organization's activity-based planning process and can be used in evaluating its success in setting and pursuing strategic goals.
Activity-Based Costing (ABC): A methodology that measures the cost and performance of cost objects, activities, and resources. Cost objects consume activities and activities consume resources. Resource costs are assigned to activities based on their use of those resources, and activity costs are reassigned to cost objects (outpputs) based on the cost objects proportional use of those activities. Activity-based costing incorporates causal relationships between cost objects and activities and between activities and resources.
Activity-Based Costing Model: In activity-based cost accounting, a model, by time period, of resource costs created because of activities related to products or services or other items causing the activity to be carried out.
Activity-Based Costing System: A set of activity-based cost accounting models that collectively defines data on an organization's resources, activities, drivers, objects, and measures.
Activity-Based Management (ABM): A discipline focusing on the management of activities within business processes as the route to continuously improve both the value received by customers and the profit earned in providing that value. AMB uses activity-based cost information and performance measurements to influence management action. See Activity-Based Costing.
Activity-Based Planning (ABP): Activity-based planning (ABP) is an ongoing process to determine activity and resource requirements (both financial and operational) based on the ongoing demand of products or services by specific customer needs. Resource requirements are compared to resources available and capacity issues are identified and managed.
Activity-based budgeting (ABB) is based on the outputs of activity-based planning.
Activity Dictionary: A listing and description of activities that provides a common/standard definition of activities across the organization. An activity dictionary can include information about an activity and/or its relationships, such as activity description, business process, function source, whether value added, inputs, outputs, supplier, customer, output measures, cost drivers, attributes, tasks, and other information as desired to describe the activity.
Activity Driver: The best single quantitative measure of the frequency and intensity of the demands placed on an activity by cost objects or other activities. It's used to assign activity costs to cost objects or to other activities.
Activity Level: A description of types of activities dependent on the functional area. Product-related activity levels may include unit, batch, and product levels. Customer-related activity levels may include customer, market, channel, and project levels.
Activity Ratio: A financial ratio used to determine how an organization's resources perform relative to the revenue the resources produce. Activity ratios include inventory turnover, receivables conversion period, fixed-asset turnover, and return on assets.
Actual Cost System: A cost system that collects costs historically as they are applied to production, and allocates indirect costs to products based on the specific costs and achieved volume of the products.
Actual Costs: The labor, material, and associated overhead costs that are charged against a job as it moves through the production process.
Actual Demand: Actual demand is composed of customer orders (and often allocations of items, ingredients, or raw materials to production or distribution). Actual demand nets against or consumes the forecast, depending on the rules chosen over a time horizon. For example, actual demand will totally replace forecast inside the sold-out customer order backlog horizon (often called the demand time fence), but will net against the forecast outside this horizon based on the chosen forecast consumption rule.
Actual to Theoretical Cycle Time: The ratio of the measured time required to produce a given output divided by the sum of the time required to produce a given output based on the rated efficiency of the machinery and labor operations.
Administrative Monetary Penalty System (AMPS ): A Canada Customs system of monetary penalties that will be imposed against violations of Canada Customs regulations.
Ad Valorem Duty: A duty calculated as a percentage of the shipment value. Also see: Duty.
Advance Material Request: Ordering materials before the release of the formal product design. This early release is required because of long lead times.
Advanced Planning and Scheduling (APS): Technues that deal with analysis and planning of logistics and manufacturing over the short, intermediate, and long-term time periods. APS describes any computer program that uses advanced mathmatical algorithms or logic to perform optimization or simulation on finite capacity scheduling, sourcing, capital planning, resource planning, forecasting, demand management, and others. These technues simultaneously consider a range of constraints and business rules to provide real-time planning and scheduling, decision support, available-to-promise, and capable-to-promise capabilities. APS often generates and evaluates multiple scenarios. Management then selects one scenario to use as the official plan. The five main components of an APS system are demand planning, production planning, production scheduling, distribution planning, and transportation planning.
Advanced Shipment Notice (ASN): An EDI term referring to a transaction set (ANSI 856) where the supplier sends out a notification to interested parties that a shipment is now outbound in the supply chain. This notification is list transmitted to a customer or consignor designating items shipped. The ASN may also include the expected time of arrival.
Advanced Shipping Notice (ASN): Detailed shipment information transmitted to a customer or consignee in advance of delivery, designating the contents (individual products and quantities of each) and nature of the shipment. May also include carrier and shipment specifics, including time of shipment and expected time of arrival. Also see: Assumed Receipt .
Aerodynamic Drag: Wind resistance.
After-Sale Service: Services provided to the customer after products have been delivered. This can include repairs, maintenance, and/or telephone support. Synonym: Field Service.
Agency Tariff: A rate bureau publication that contains rates for many carriers.
Agent: An enterprise authorized to transact business for, or in the name of, another enterprise.
Agglomeration: A net advantage a company gains by sharing a common location with other companies.
Aggregate Forecast: An estimate of sales, oftentimes phased, for a grouping of products or product families produced by a facility or firm. Stated in terms of units, dollars, or both, the aggregate forecast is used for sales and production planning (or for sales and operations planning) purposes.
Aggregate Planning: A process to develop tactical plans to support the organization's business plan. Aggregate planning usually includes the development, analysis and maintenance of plans for total sales, total production, targeted inventory, and targeted inventory, and targeted customer backlog for families of products. The production plan is the result of the aggregate planning process. Two approaches to aggregate planning exist - production planning and sales and operations planning.
Aggregate Tender Rate: A reduced rate offered to a shipper who tenders two or more class-related shipments at one time and one place.
Agility: The ability to successfully manufacture and market a broad range of low-cost, high-quality products and services with short lead times and varying volumes that provide enhanced value to customers through customization. Agility merges the four distinctive competencies of cost, quality, dependability, and flexibility.
Air Cargo: Freight that is moved by air transportation.
Air Cargo Agent: An agent appointed by an airline to solicit and process international airfreight shipments.
Air Cargo Containers: Containers designed to conform to the inside of an aircraft. There are many shapes and sizes of containers. Air cargo containers fall into three categories: 1) air cargo pallets 2) lower deck containers 3) box type containers.
Air Carrier: An enterprise that offers transportation service via air.
Airport and Airway Trust Fund: A federal fund that collects passenger ticket taxes and disburses those funds for airport facilities.
Air Taxi: An exempt for-hire air carrier that will fly anywhere on demand; air taxis are restricted to a maximum payload and passenger capacity per plane.
Air Transport Association of America: A U. S. airline industry association.
Air Waybill (AWB): A bill of lading for air transport that serves as a receipt for the shipper, indicates that the carrier has accepted the goods listed, obligates the carrier to carry the consignment to the airport of destination according to specified conditions.
Algorithm: a clearly specified mathematical process for computation; a set of rules, which, if followed, produce a prescribed result.
All-Cargo Carrier: An air carrier that transports cargo only.
Allocation: 1) A distribution of costs using calculations that may be unrelated to physical observations or direct or repeatable cause-and-effect relationships. Because of the arbitrary nature of allocations, costs based on cost causal assignment are viewed as more relevant for management decision-making. 2) Allocation of available inventory to customer and production orders.
All Water: Term used when the transportation is completely by water.
American National Standards Institute (ANSI): A non-profit organization chartered to develop, maintain, and promulgate voluntary US national standards in a number of areas, especially with regards to setting EDI standards. ANSI is the US representative to the International Standards Organization (ISO).
American Society for Quality (ASQ): Founded in 1946, a not-for-profit educational organization consisting of 144,000 members who are interested in quality improvement.
American Society of Transportation & Logistics: A professional organization in the field of logistics.
American Trucking Associations: A motor carrier industry association composed of sub-conferences representing various motor carrier industry sectors.
American Waterway Operators: A domestic water carrier industry association representing barge operators on inland waterways.
Amtrak: The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, a federally created corporation that operates most of the United States' intercity passenger rail service.
Anti-Dumping Duty: An additional import duty imposed in instances where imported goods are priced at less than the "normal" price charged in the exporter's domestic market and cause material injury to domestic industry in the importing country.
Any-Quantity (AQ) rate: A rate that applies to any size shipment tendered to a carrier; no discount rate is available for large shipments.
API: American Petroleum Institute; also Application Programming Interface.
APU: APUs automatically shut down the main locomotive engine idle while maintaining all vital main engine systems at greatly reduced fuel consumption.
Arrival Notice: A notice from the delivering carrier to the Notify Party indicating the shipment's arrival date at a specific location (normally the destination).
Artificial Intelligence: A field of research seeking to understand and computerize the human thought process.
AS/RS: See Automated Storage/Retrieval System.
Assemble to Order: A production environment where a good or service can be assembled after receipt of a customer's order. The key components (bulk, semifinished, intermediate, sub-assembly, fabricated, purchased, packing, and so on) used in the assembly or finishing process are planned and usually stocked in anticipation of a customer order. Receipt of an order initiates assembly of the customized product. This strategy is useful where a large number of end products (based on the selection of options and accessories) can be assembled from common components.
Assembly: A group of subassemblies and/or parts that are put together and constitute a major subdivision for the final product. An assembly may be an end item or a component of a higher-level assembly.
Assignment: A distribution of costs using causal relationships. Because cost causal relationships are viewed as more relevant for management decision making, assignment of costs is generally preferable to allocation technues. Synonymous with Tracing. Contrast with Allocation.
Association of American Railroads: A railroad industry association that represents the larger U. S. railroads.
ATA: Actual time of arrival, or also known as the American Trucking Associations.
ATD: Actual time of departure.
ATFI: Automated Tariff Filing Information System.
Attributes: A label used to provide additional classification or information about a resource, activity, or cost object. Used for focusing attention and may be subjective. Examples are a characteristic, a score or grade of product or activity, or groupings of these items, and performance measures.
Audit: In reference to freight bills, the term audit is used to determine the accuracy of freight bills.
Auditability: A characteristic of modern information systems gauged by the ease with which data can be substantiated by tracing it to source documents, and the extent to which auditors can rely on pre-verified and monitored control processes.
Auditing: Determining the correct transportation charges due the carrier; auditing involves checking the freight bill for errors, correct rate, and weight.
Audit Trail: Manual or computerized tracing of the transactions affecting the contents or origin or a record.
AutoID: Referring to an automated identification system. This includes technology such as bar coding and radio frequency tagging (RFID).
Automated Broker Interface (ABI): The U. S. Customs program to automate the flow of customs-related information among customs brokers, importers, and carriers.
Automated Call Distribution: A feature of large call center or "Customer Interaction Center" telephone switches that routes calls by rules, such as next-available employee, skill set, etc.
Automated Guided Vehicle System (AGVS): A computer-controlled materials handling system consisting of small vehicles (carts) that move along a guideway.
Automated Storage/Retrieval System (AS/RS): A high-density rack inventory storage system with unmanned vehicles automatically loading and unloading products to/from the racks.
Automatic Tire Inflation System: Automatic tire inflation systems monitor and continually adjust the level of pressurized air to tires, maintaining proper tire pressure even when the truck is moving.
Available to Promise (ATP): The uncommitted portion of a company's inventory and planned production maintained in the master schedule to support customer-order promising. The ATP quantity is the uncommitted inventory balance in the first period and is normally calculated for each period in which an MPS receipt is scheduled. In the first period, ATP includes on-hand inventory less customer orders that are due and overdue. Three methods of calculation are used: discrete ATP, cumulative ATP with look ahead, and cumulative ATP without look ahead.
Average Cost: Total cost, fixed plus variable, divided by total output.
Back Order: Product ordered but out of stock and promised to ship when the product becomes available.
Backhaul: The process of a transportation vehicle returning from the original destination point to the point of origin. The 1980 Motor Carrier Act deregulated interstate commercial trucking, thereby allowing carriers to contract for the return trip. The backhaul can be with a full, partial, or empty load. An empty backhaul is called deadheading. Also see: Deadhead.
Backorder: (1) The act of retaining a quantity to ship against an order when other order lines have already been shipped. Backorders are usually caused by stock shortages. (2) The quantity remaining to be shipped if an initial shipment(s) has been processed. Note: In some cases, backorders are not allowed. This results in a lost sale when sufficient quantities are not available to completely ship an order or order line.
Backsourcing: Pulling a function back in house as an outsourcing contract expires.
Balanced Scorecard: A structured measurement system based on a mix of financial and non-financial measures of business performance. A list of financial and operational measurements used to evaluate organizational or supply chain performance. The dimensions of the balanced scorecard might include customer perspective, business process perspective, financial perspective, and innovation and learning perspectives. It formally connects overall objectives, strategies, and measurements. Each dimension has goals and measurements. Also see: Scorecard.
Balance of Trade: The surplus or deficit which results from comparing a country's exports and imports of merchandise only.
Bale: A large compressed, bound, and often wrapped bundle of a commodity, such as cotton or hay.
Bar Code: A symbol consisting of a series of printed bars representing values. A system of optical character reading, scanning, tracking of units by reading a series of printed bars for translation into a numeric or alphanumeric identification code. A popular example is the UPC code used on retail packaging.
Bar Code Scanner: A device to read bar codes and communicate data to computer systems.
Bar Coding: A method of encoding data for fast and accurate readability. Bar codes are a series of alternating bars and spaces printed or stamped on products, labels, or other media, representing encoded information which can be read by electronic readers called bar.
Barge: The cargo-carrying vehicle which may or may not have its own propulsion mechanism for the purpose of transporting goods. Primarily used by Inland water carriers, basic barges have open tops, but there are covered barges for both dry and luid cargoes.
Barrier to Entry: Factors that prevent companies from entering into a particular market, such as high initial investment in equipment.
Barter: The exchange of commodities or services for other commodities or services rather than the purchase of commodities or services with money.
Base Currency: The currency whose value is "one" whenever a quote is made between two currencies.
Basing-Point Pricing: A pricing system that includes a transportation cost from a particular city or town in a zone or region even though the shipment does not originate at the basing point.
Batch Picking: A method of picking orders in which order requirements are aggregated by product across orders to reduce movement to and from product locations. The aggregated quantities of each product are then transported to a common area where the individual orders are constructed. See Zone Picking.
Benchmarking: The process of comparing performance against the practices of other leading companies for the purpose of improving performance. Companies also benchmark internally by tracking and comparing current performance with past performance.
Benefit-Cost Ratio: An analytical tool used in public planning; a ratio of total measurable benefits divided by the initial capital cost. Also see: Cost Benefit Analysis.
Best in Class: An organization, usually within a specific industry, recognized for excellence in a specific process area.
Best Practice: A specific process or group of processes which have been recognized as the best method for conducting an action. Best practices may vary by industry or geography depending on the environment being used. Best-practices methodology may be applied with respect to resources, activities, cost object, or processes.
Bilateral Contract: An agreement where-in each party makes a promise to the other party.
Billing: A carrier terminal activity that determines the proper rate and total charges for a shipment and issues a freight bill.
Bill of Activities: A listing of activities required by a product, service, process output, or other cost object. Bill of activity attributes could include volume and/or cost of each activity in the listing.
Bill of Lading (BOL): A transportation document that is the contract of carriage containing the terms and conditions between the shipper and carrier.
Bill of Lading Number: The number assigned by the carrier to identify the bill of lading.
Bill of Lading, Through: A bill of lading to cover goods from point of origin to final destination when interchange or transfer from one carrier to another is necessary to complete the journey.
Bill of Material (BOM): A structured list of all the materials or parts and quantities needed to produce a particular finished product, assembly, subassembly, or manufactured part, whether purchased or not.
Bill of Material Accuracy: Conformity of a list of specified items to administrative specifications, with all quantities correct.
Bill of Resources: A listing of resources required by an activity. Resource attributes could include cost and volumes.
Bin Center: A drop off facility that is smaller than a public warehouse.
Binder: A strip of cardboard, thin wood, burlap, or similar material placed between layers of containers to hold a stack together.
Blanket Purchase Order: A long-term commitment to a supplier for material against which short-term releases will be generated to satisfy requirements. Oftentimes, blanket orders cover only one item with predetermined delivery dates. Synonyms: Blanket Order, Standing Order.
Blanket Rate: A rate that does not increase according to the distance a commodity is shipped.
Blanket Release: The authorization to ship and/or produce against a blanket agreement or contract.
Blanket Wrap: A service pioneered by the moving companies to eliminate packaging material by wrapping product in padded "blankets" to protect it during transit, usually on "air ride" vans.
Bleeding Edge: An unproven process or technology so far ahead of its time that it may create a competitive disadvantage.
Blow Through: An MRP process which uses a "phantom bill of material" and permits MRP logic to drive requirements straight through the phantom item to its components. The MRP system usually retains its ability to net against any occasional inventories of the item.
Bonded Warehouse: Warehouse approved by the Treasury Department and under bond/guarantee for observance of revenue laws. Used for storing goods until duty is paid or goods are released in some other proper manner.
Booking: The act of requesting space and equipment aboard a vessel for cargo which is to be transported.
Booking Number: The number assigned to a certain space reservation by the carrier or the carrier's agent.
Bottleneck: A constraint, obstacle, or planned control that limits throughput or the utilization of capacity.
Boxcar: An enclosed railcar used to transport freight.
Bracing: To secure a shipment inside a carrier's vehicle to prevent damage.
Bracketed Recall: Recall from customers of suspect lot numbers, plus a specified number of lots produced before and after the suspect ones.
Branding: The use of a name, term, symbol, or design, or a combination of these, to identify a product.
Break-Bulk: The separation of a consolidated bulk load into smaller individual shipments for delivery to the ultimate consignee. The freight may be moved intact inside the trailer, or it may be interchanged and rehandled to connecting carriers.
Break Bulk Cargo: Cargo that is shipped as a unit or package (for example: palletized cargo, boxed cargo, large machinery, trucks) but is not containerized.
Break Bulk Vessel: A vessel designed to handle break bulk cargo.
Break-Even Point: The level of production or the volume of sales at which operations are neither profitable nor unprofitable. The break-even point is the intersection of the total revenue and total cost curves.
Broker: There are 3 definitions for the term "broker": 1) an enterprise that owns and leases equipment2) an enterprise that arranges the buying & selling of transportation of, goods, or services 3) a ship agent who acts for the ship owner or charterer in arranging charters.
Bucketed System: An MRP, DRP, or other time-phased system in which all time-phased data are accumulated into time periods, or buckets. If the period of accumulation is one week, then the system is said to have weekly buckets.
Buffer: 1) A quantity of materials awaiting further processing. It can refer to raw materials, semi-finished stores, or hold points, or a work backlog that is purposely maintained behind a work center. 2) In the theory of constraints, buffers can be time or material, and support throughput and/or due date performance. Buffers can be maintained at the constraint, convergent points (with a constraint part), divergent points, and shipping points.
Buffer Management: In the theory of constraints, a process in which all expediting in a shop is driven by what is scheduled to be in the buffers (constraint, shipping, and assembly buffers). By expediting this material into the buffers, the system helps avoid idleness at the constraint and missed customer due dates. In addition, the causes of items missing from the buffer are identified, and the frequency of occurrence is used to prioritize improvement activities.
Buffer Stock: A quantity of goods or articles kept in storage to safeguard against unforeseen shortages or demands.
Build to Inventory: A "push" system of production and inventory management. Product is manufactured or acquired in response to sales forecasts.
Build to Order: A method of reducing inventory by not manufacturing product until there is an actual order from the customer.
Bulk Area: A storage area for large items which at a minimum are most efficiently handled by the palletload.
Bulk Cargo: Unpacked dry cargo such as grain, iron ore or coal. Any commodity shipped in this way is said to be in bulk.
Bullwhip Effect: An extreme change in the supply position upstream in a supply chain generated by a small change in demand downstream in the supply chain. Inventory can quickly move from being backordered to being in excess. This is caused by the serial nature of communicating orders up the chain with the inherent transportation delays of moving product down the chain. The bullwhip effect can be eliminated by synchronizing the supply chain.
Bundle: A group of products that are shipped together as an unassembled unit.
Bundling: An occurrence where two or more products are combined into one transaction for a single price.
Burn Rate: The rate of consumption of cash in a business. Used to determine cash requirements on an on-going basis. A burn rate of $50,000 would mean the company spends $50,000 a month above any incoming cash flow to sustain its business. Entrepreneurial companies will calculate their burn rate in order to understand how much time they have before they need to raise more money, or show a positive cash flow.
Business Application: Any computer program, set of programs, or package of programs created to solve a particular business problem or function.
Business Continuity Plan (BCP): A contingency plan for sustained operations during periods of high risk, such as labor unrest or natural disaster. CSCMP provides suggestions for helping companies do continuity planning in their Securing the Supply Chain research. A copy of this research is available on CSCMP's web site at cscmp.
Business Logistics: The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, effective flow and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.
Business Plan: (1) A statement of long-range strategy and revenue, cost, and profit objectives usually accompanied by budgets, a projected balance sheet, and a cash flow (source and application of funds) statement. A business plan is usually stated in terms of dollars and grouped by product family. The business plan is then translated into synchronized tactical functional plans through the production planning process (or the sales and operations planning process). Although frequently stated in different terms (dollars versus units), these tactical plans should agree with each other and with the business plan. (2) A document consisting of the business details (organization, strategy, and financing tactics) prepared by an entrepreneur to plan for a new business.
Business Performance Measurement (BPM): A technue that uses a system of goals and metrics to monitor performance. Analysis of these measurements can help businesses periodically set business goals, then provide feedback to managers on progress towards those goals. A specific measure can be compared to itself over time, compared with a present target, or evaluated along with other measures.
Business Process Outsourcing (BPO): The practice of outsourcing non-core internal functions to third parties. Functions typically outsourced include logistics, accounts payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and human resources. Other areas can include IT development or complete management of the IT functions of the enterprise.
Business Process Reengineering (BPR): The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic organizational improvements.
Business-to-Business (B2B): As opposed to business-to-consumer (B2C). Many companies are now focusing on this strategy, and their web sites are aimed at businesses (think wholesale) and only other businesses can access or buy products on the site. Internet analysts predict this will be the biggest sector on the web.
Business-to-Consumer (B2C): The hundreds of e-commerce web sites that sell goods directly to consumers are considered B2C. This distinction is important when comparing web sites that are B2B as the entire business model, strategy, execution, and fulfillment is different.
Business Unit: A division or segment of an organization generally treated as a separate profit-and-loss center.
Buyer: An enterprise that arranges for the acquisition of goods or services and agrees to payment terms for such goods or services.
Buyer Behavior: The way individuals or organizations behave in a purchasing situation. The customer-oriented concept finds out the wants, needs, and desires of customers and adapts resources of the organization to deliver need-satisfying goods and services.
Cab Extenders: Also called gap seals, which help to close the gap between the tractor and the trailer.
Cabotage: A federal law that requires coastal and inter-coastal traffic to be carried in U. S.-built and registered ships.
CADEX: See Customs Automated Data Exchange System.
Cage: (1) A secure enclosed area for storing highly valuable items (2) A pallet-sized platform with sides that can be secured to the tines of a forklift and in which a person may ride to inventory items stored well above the warehouse floor.
Caged: Referring to the practice of placing high-value or sensitive products in a fenced off area within a warehouse.
Calendar Days: The conversion of working days to calendar days is based on the number of regularly scheduled workdays per week in your manufacturing calendar. Calculation: To convert from working days to calendar days: if work week = 4 days, multiply by 1.75; = 5 days, multiply by 1.4; = 6 days, multiply by 1.17.
Call Center: A facility housing personnel who respond to customer phone queries. These personnel may provide customer service or technical support. Call center services may be in house or outsourced. Synonym: Customer Interaction Center.
Can-Order Point: An ordering system used when multiple items are ordered from one vendor. The can-order point is a point higher than the original order point. When any one of the items triggers an order by reaching the must-order point, all items below their can-order point are also ordered. The can-order point is set by considering is set by considering the additional holding cost that would be incurred if the item were ordered early.
Capacity Management: The concept that capacity should be understood, defined, and measured for each level in the organization to include market segments, products, processes, activities, and resources. In each of these applications, capacity is defined in a hierarchy of idle, non-productive, and productive views.
Capacity Planning: Assuring that needed resources (e. g., manufacturing capacity, distribution center capacity, transportation vehicles, etc.) will be available at the right time and place to meet logistics and supply chain needs.
Capacity: The physical facilities, personnel, and processes available to meet the product or service needs of customers. Capacity generally refers to the maximum output or producing ability of a machine, a person, a process, a factory, a product, or a service. Also see: Capacity Management.
CAPEX: A term used to describe the monetary requirements (CAPital EXpenditure) of an initial investment in new machines or equipment.
Capital: The resources, or money, available for investing in assets that produce output.
CAPSTAN: Computer-Aided Planned Stowage and Networking system.
CARAT: Cargo Agents Reservation Air Waybill Issuance and Tracking.
Cargo: Merchandise carried by a means of transportation.
Carmack Amendment: An Interstate Commerce Act amendment that delineates the liability of common carriers and the bill of lading provisions.
Carnet: A Customs document permitting the holder to carry or send special categories of goods temporarily into certain foreign countries without paying duties or posting bonds.
Carousel: A rotating system of layers of bins and/or drawers that can store many small items using relatively little floor space.
Carrier: A firm that transports goods or people via land, sea, or air.
Carrier Assets: Items that a carrier owns (technically or outright) to facilitate the services they provide.
Carrier Certificate and Release Order: Used to advise customs of the shipment's details. By means of this document, the carrier certifies that the firm or individual named in the certificate is the owner or consignee of the cargo.
Carrier Liability: A common carrier is liable for all shipment loss, damage, and delay with the exception of that caused by act of God, act of a public enemy, act of a public authority, act of the shipper, and the goods' inherent nature.
Cartel: A group of companies that agree to cooperate rather than compete, in producing a product or service. Thus limiting or regulating competition.
Cartage: There are two definitions for this term: 1) charge for pick-up and delivery of goods 2) movement of goods locally (short distances).
Carton Flow Rack: A storage rack consisting of multiple lines of gravity flow conveyors.
Cash Against Documents (CAD): A method of payment for goods in which documents transferring title are given to the buyer upon payment of cash to an intermediary acting for the seller.
Cash Conversion Cycle: 1) In retailing, the length of time between the sale of products and the cash payments for a company's resources. 2) In manufacturing, the length of time from the purchase of raw materials to the collection of accounts receivable from customers for the sale of products or services. Also see: Cash-to-Cash Cycle Time.
Cash In Advance (CIA): A method of payment for goods whereby the buyer pays the seller in advance of shipment of goods.
Cash-to-Cash Cycle Time: The time it takes for cash to flow back into a company after it has been spent for raw materials. Synonym: Cash Conversion Cycle. Calculation: Total Inventory Days of Supply + Days of Sales Outstanding - Average Payment Period for Material in Days.
Cash with Order (CWO): A method of payment for goods where cash is paid at the time of order, and the transaction becomes binding on both buyer and seller.
Catalog Channel: A call center or order processing facility that receives orders directly from the customer based on defined catalog offerings, and ships directly to the customer.
Category Management: The management of product categories as strategic business units. This practice empowers a category manager with full responsibility for the assortment decisions, inventory levels, shelf-space allocation, promotions, and buying. With this authority and responsibility, the category manager is able to more accurately judge the consumer buying patterns, product sales, and market trends of that category.
Cause-and-Effect Diagram: In quality management, a structured process used to organize ideas into logical groupings. Used in brainstorming and problem-solving exercises. Also known as Ishikawa or fish bone diagram.
CELL: A manufacturing or service unit consisting of a number of workstations, and the materials transport mechanisms and storage buffers that interconnect them.
Center-of-Gravity Approach: A supply chain planning methodology for locating distribution centers at approximately the location representing the minimum transportation costs between the plants, the distribution centers, and the markets.
Central Dispatching: The organization of the dispatching function into one central location. This structure often involves the use of data collection devices for communication between the centralized dispatching function which usually reports to the production control department and the shop manufacturing departments.
Centralized Authority: The restriction of authority to make decisions to few managers.
Centralized Inventory Control: Inventory decision-making (for all SKUs) exercised from one office or department for an entire company.
Certificate of Compliance: A supplier's certification that the supplies or services in question meet specified requirements.
Certificate of Insurance: A negotiable document indicating that insurance has been secured under an open policy to cover loss or damage to a shipment while in transit.
Certificate of Origin: A document containing an affidavit to prove the origin of imported goods. Used for customs and foreign exchange purposes.
Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity: The grant of operating authority that common carriers receive. A carrier must prove that a public need exists and that the carrier is fit, willing, and able to provide the needed service. The certificate may specify the commodities the carrier may haul, and the routes it may use.
Certificated Carrier: A for-hire air carrier that is subject to economic regulation and requires an operating certification to provide service.
Certified Supplier: A status awarded to a supplier who consistently meets predetermined quality, cost, delivery, financial, and count objectives. Incoming inspection may not be required.
Chain of Customers: The sequence of customers who, in turn, consume the output of each other, forming a chain. For example, individuals are customers of a department store which in turn is the customer of a producer who is the customer of a material supplier.
Change Management: The business process that coordinates and monitors all changes to the business processes and applications operated by the business, as well as to their internal equipment, resources, operating systems, and procedures. The change management discipline is carried out in a way that minimizes the risk of problems that will affect the operating environment and service delivery to the users.
Change Order: A formal notification that a purchase order or shop order must be modified in some way. This change can result from a revised quantity, date, or specification by the customer; an engineering change; a change in inventory requirement data; etc.
Changeover: Process of making necessary adjustments to change or switchover the type of products produced on a manufacturing line. Changeovers usually lead to downtime and for the most part, companies try to minimize changeover time to help reduce costs.
Channel: 1. A method whereby a business dispenses its product, such as a retail or distribution channel, call center, or a web-based electronic storefront. 2. A push technology that allows users to subscribe to a web site to browse offline, automatically display updated pages on their screen savers, and download or receive notifications when pages in the web site are modified. Channels are available only in browsers that support channel definitions such as Microsoft Internet Explorer version 4.0.
Channel Conflict: This occurs when various sales channels within a company's supply chain compete with each other for the same business. An example is where a retail channel is in competition with a web-based channel set up by the company.
Channel Partners: Members of a supply chain (i. e., suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, etc.) who work in conjunction with one another to manufacture, distribute, and sell a specific product.
Channels of Distribution: Any series of firms or individuals that participates in the flow of goods and services from the raw material supplier and producer to the final user or consumer. Also see: Distribution Channel.
Chargeable Weight: The shipment weight used in determining freight charges. The chargeable weight may be the dimensional weight or, for container shipments, the gross weight of the shipment less the tare weight of the container.
Charging Area: A warehouse area where a company maintains battery chargers and extra batteries to support a fleet of electrically powered materials handling equipment. The company must maintain this area in accordance with government safety regulations.
Chassis: A specialized framework that carries a rail or marine container.
Chock: A wedge, usually made of hard rubber or steel, that is firmly placed under the wheel of a trailer, truck, or boxcar to stop it from rolling.
City Driver: A motor carrier driver who drives a local route as opposed to a long-distance, intercity route.
Civil Aeronautics Board: A federal regulatory agency that implemented economic regulatory controls over air carriers.
CL: Carload rail service requiring shipper to meet minimum weight.
Claim: A charge made against a carrier for loss, damage, delay, or overcharge.
Class I Carrier: A classification of regulated carriers based upon annual operating revenues -- motor carriers of property; $5 million; railroads; $50 million; motor carriers of passengers; $3 million.
Class II Carrier: A classification of regulated carriers based upon annual operating revenues -- motor carriers of property: $1-$5 million; railroads: $10-$50 million; motor carriers of passengers: $3 million.
Class III Carrier: A classification of regulated carriers based upon annual operating revenues -- motor carriers of property: $1 million; railroads $10 million.
Class 1 Railroad: A line haul freight railroad of US ownership with operating revenue in excess of $272.0 million. There are seven (7) Class 1 Railroads in the United States. Two Mexican and two Canadian railroads would also qualify, if they were US companies.
Class Rates: A grouping of goods or commodities under one general heading. All the items in the group make up a class. The freight rates that apply to all items in the class are called "class rates."
Classification: An alphabetical listing of commodities, the class or rating into which the commodity is placed, and the minimum weight necessary for the rate discount; used in the class rate structure.
Classification yard: A railroad terminal area where railcars are grouped together to form train units.
Clearance: A document stating that a shipment is free to be imported into the country after all legal requirements have been met.
Clearinghouse: A conventional or limited-purpose entity generally restricted to providing specialized services, such as clearing funds or settling accounts.
CLM: Council of Logistics Management, now known as The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals.
Closed Loop MRP: A system build around material requirements planning that includes the additional planning processes of production planning (sales and operations planning), master production scheduling, and capacity requirements planning. Once this planning phase is complete and the plans have been accepted as realistic and attainable, the execution processes come into play. These processes include the manufacturing control process of input-output (capacity) measurement, detailed scheduling and dispatching, as well as anticipated delay reports from both the plant and suppliers, supplier scheduling, and so on. The term "closed loop implies not only that each of these processes is included in the overall system, but also that feedback is provided by the execution processes so that the planning can be kept valid at all times..
Co-Destiny: The evolution of a supply chain from intra-organizational management to inter-organizational management.
Co-Packer: A contract co-packer produces goods and/or services for other companies, usually under the other company's label or name. Co-packers are more frequently seen in consumer packaged goods and foods.
Co-Managed Inventory (CMI): A form of continuous replenishment in which the manufacturer is responsible for replenishment of standard merchandise, while the retailer manages the replenishment of promotional merchandise.
Coastal Carriers: Water carriers that provide service along coasts serving ports on the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans or on the Gulf of Mexico.
Code: A numeric, or alphanumeric representation of text for exchanging commonly-used information. For example: commodity codes, carrier codes.
Codifying: The process of detailing a new standard.
COFC: See Container on Flat Car.
Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR): (1) A collaboration process whereby supply chain trading partners can jointly plan key supply chain activities from production and delivery of raw materials, to production and delivery of final products to end customers. Collaboration encompasses business planning, sales forecasting, and all operations required to replenish raw materials and finished goods. (2) A process philosophy for facilitating collaborative communications. CPFR is considered a standard, endorsed by the Voluntary Inter-Industry Commerce Standards.
Collect Freight: Freight payable to the carrier at the port of discharge or ultimate destination. The consignee does not pay the freight charge if the cargo does not arrive at the destination.
Collective Paper: All documents (commercial invoices, bills of lading, etc.) submitted to a buyer for the purpose of receiving payment for a shipment.
Combi Aircraft: An aircraft specially designed to carry unitized cargo loads on the upper deck of the craft, forward of the passenger area.
Commercial Invoice: A document created by the seller. It is an official document which is used to indicate, among other things, the name and address of the buyer and seller, the product(s) being shipped, and their value for customs, insurance, or other purposes.
Commercial zone: The area surrounding a city or town to which rate carriers quote for the city or town also apply; the ICC defines the area.
Committed Capability: The portion of the production capability that is currently in use, or is scheduled for use.
Committee of American Steamship Lines: An industry association representing subsidized U. S. flag steamship firms.
Commodities: Any article exchanged in trade, most commonly used to refer to raw materials and agricultural products.
Commodities Clause: A clause that prohibits railroads from hauling commodities that they produced, mined, owned, or had an interest in.
Commodity Buying: Grouping like parts or materials under one buyer's control for the procurement of all requirements to support production.
Commodity Code: A code describing a commodity or a group of commodities pertaining to goods classification. This code can be carrier tariff or regulating in nature.
Commodity Procurement Strategy: The purchasing plan for a family of items. This would include the plan to manage the supplier base and solve problems.
Commodity Rate: A rate for a specific commodity and its origin-destination.
Common Carrier: Transportation available to the public that does not provide special treatment to any one party and is regulated as to the rates charged, the liability assumed, and the service provided. A common carrier must obtain a certificate of public convenience and necessity from the Federal Trade Commission for interstate traffic. Antonym: Private Carrier.
Common Carrier Duties: Common carriers must serve, deliver, charge reasonable rates, and not discriminate.
Common Cost: A cost that a company cannot directly assign to particular segments of the business; a cost that the company incurs for the business as a whole.
Commuter: An exempt for-hire air carrier that publishes a time schedule on specific routes; a special type of air taxi.
Company Culture: A system of values, beliefs, and behaviors inherent in a company. To optimize business performance, top management must define and create the necessary culture.
Comparative Advantage: A principle based on the assumption that an area will specialize in producing goods for which it has the greatest advantage or the least comparative disadvantage.
Competitive Advantage: Value created by a company for its customers that clearly distinguishes it from the competition, provides its customers a reason to remain loyal.
Competitive Benchmarking: Benchmarking a product or service against competitors. Also see: Benchmarking.
Competitive Bid: A price/service offering by a supplier that must compete with offerings from other suppliers.
Complete and On-Time Delivery (COTD): A measure of customer service. All items on any given order must be delivered on time for the order to be considered as complete and on time.
Complete Manufacture to Ship Time: Average time from when a unit is declared shippable by manufacturing until the unit actually ships to a customer.
Compliance: Meaning that products, services, processes, and/or documents comply with requirements.
Component: Material that will contribute to a finished product but is not the finished product itself. Examples include tires for an automobile, power supply for a personal computer, or a zipper for a ski parka.
Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE): The use of computers to model design options to stimulate their performance.
Computer-Based Training: Training that is delivered via computer workstation and includes all training and testing materials.
Conference: A group of vessel operators joined for the purpose of establishing freight rates.
Conference Carrier: An ocean carrier who is a member of an association known as a "conference." The purpose of the conference is to standardize shipping practices, eliminate freight rate competition, and provide regularly scheduled service between specific ports.
Configuration: The arrangement of components as specified to produce an assembly.
Configure/Package to Order: A process where the trigger to begin to manufacture, final assembly, or packaging of a product is an actual customer order or release rather than a market forecast. In order to be considered a configure-to-order environment, less than 20% of the value added takes place after the receipt of the order or release, and virtually all necessary design and process documentation is available at time of order receipt.
Confirmation: With regards to EDI, a formal notice (by message or code) from a electronic mailbox system or EDI server indicating that a message sent to a trading partner has reached its intended mailbox or has been retrieved by the addressee.
Confirming Order: A purchase order issued to a supplier listing the goods or services and terms of an order placed orally or otherwise before the usual purchase document.
Conformance: An affirmative indication or judgment that a product or service has met the requirements of a relevant specification, contract, or regulation. Synonym: Compliance.
Conrail: The Consolidated Rail Corporation established by the Regional Reorganization Act of 1973 to operate the bankrupt Penn Central Railroad and other bankrupt railroads in the Northeast; the 4-R Act of 1976 provided funding.
Consignee: The party to whom goods are shipped and delivered. The receiver of a freight shipment.
Consignment: (1) A shipment that is handled by a common carrier. (2) The process of a supplier placing goods at a customer location without receiving payment until after the goods are used or sold. Also see: Consignment Inventory.
Consignment Inventory: (1) Goods or products that are paid for when they are sold by the reseller, not at the time they are shipped to the reseller. (2) Goods or products which are owned by the vendor until they are sold to the consumer.
Consignor: The party who originates a shipment of goods (shipper). The sender of a freight shipment, usually the seller.
Consolidation: Combining two or more shipments in order to realize lower transportation rates. Inbound consolidation from vendors is called make-bulk consolidation; outbound consolidation to customers is called break-bulk consolidation.
Consolidation Point: The location where consolidation takes place.
Consolidator: An enterprise that provides services to group shipments, orders, and/or goods to facilitate movement.
Consolidator's Bill of Lading: A bill of lading issued by a consolidator as a receipt for merchandise that will be grouped with cargo obtained from other shippers. See also House Air Waybill.
Consortium: A group of companies that works together to jointly produce a product, service, or project.
Constraint: A bottleneck, obstacle, or planned control that limits throughput or the utilization of capacity.
Consul: A government official residing in a foreign country, charged with representing the interests of his or her country and its nationals.
Consular Declaration: A formal statement made to the consul of a country describing merchandise to be shipped to that consul's country. Approval must be obtained prior to shipment.
Consular Documents: Special forms signed by the consul of a country to which cargo is destined.
Consular Invoice: A document, required by some foreign countries, describing a shipment of goods and showing information such as the consignor, consignee, and value of the shipment. Certified by a consular official of the foreign country, it is used by the country's custom.
Consumer-Centric Database: Database with information about a retailer's individual consumers used primarily for marketing and promotion.
Consumption Entry: An official Customs form used for declaration of reported goods, also showing the total duty due on such transaction.
Container: (1) A box, typically 10 to 40 feet long, which is primarily used for ocean freight shipments. For travel to and from ports, containers are loaded onto truck chassis or on railroad flatcars. (2) The packaging, such as a carton, case, box, bucket, drum, bin, bottle, bundle, or bag, that an item is packed and shipped in.
Container Chassis: A vehicle built for the purpose of transporting a container so that, when a container and chassis are assembled, the produced unit serves as a road trailer.
Container Depot: The storage area for empty containers.
Container Freight Station (CFS): The location designated by carriers for receipt of cargo to be packed into containers/equipment by the carrier. At destination, CFS is the location designated by the carrier for unpacking of cargo from equipment/containers.
Container Freight Station Charge: The charge assessed for services performed at the loading or discharge location.
Container Freight Station to Container Freight Station (CFS/CFS): A type of steamship-line service in which cargo is transported between container freight stations, where containers may be stuffed, stripped, or consolidated. Usually used for less-than-container load shipments.
Container I. D.: An identifier assigned to a container by a carrier. See also: Equipment ID.
Containerization: A shipment method in which commodities are placed in containers, and after initial loading, the commodities, per se, are not rehandled in shipment until they are unloaded at the destination.
Container on Flat Car (COFC): A container that is transported on a rail flatcar. It can be shipped via tractor/trailer using a chassis as the wheel section.
Container Terminal: An area designated to be used for the stowage of cargo in containers that may be accessed by truck, rail, or ocean transportation.
Container Vessel: A vessel specifically designed for the carriage of containers.
Container Yard: The location designated by the carrier for receiving, assembling, holding, storing, and delivering containers, and where containers may be picked up by shippers or redelivered by consignees.
Container Yard to Container Yard (CY/CY): A type of steamship-line service in which freight is transported from origin container yard to destination container yard.
Contingency Planning: Preparing to deal with calamities (e. g., floods) and noncalamitous situations (e. g., strikes) before they occur.
Continuous Flow Distribution (CFD): The streamlined pull of products in response to customer requirements while minimizing the total costs of distribution.
Continuous-Flow, Fixed-Path Equipment: Materials handling devices that include conveyors and drag lines.
Continuous Improvement (CI): A structured, measurement-driven process that continually reviews and improves performance.
Continuous Process Improvement (CPI): A never-ending effort to expose and eliminate root causes of problems; small-step improvement as opposed to big-step improvement. Synonym: Continuous Improvement. Also see: Kaizen.
Continuous Replenishment: Continuous replenishment is the practice of partnering between distribution channel members that changes the traditional replenishment process from distributor-generated purchase orders based on economic order quantities to the replenishment of products based on actual and forecasted product demand.
Continuous Replenishment Planning (CRP): A program that triggers the manufacturing and movement of product through the supply chain when the identical product is purchased by an end user.
Contract: An agreement between two or more competent persons or companies to perform or not to perform specific acts or services or to deliver merchandise. A contract may be oral or written. A purchase order, when accepted by a supplier, becomes a contract. Acceptance may be in writing or by performance, unless the purchase order requires acceptance in writing.
Contract Administration: Managing all aspects of a contract to guarantee that the contractor fulfills his obligations.
Contract Carrier: A for-hire carrier that does not serve the general public but serves shippers with whom the carrier has a continuing contract. The contract carrier must secure a permit to operate.
Contract of Affreightment: A contract between a cargo shipper and carrier for the transport of multiple cargoes over a period of time. Contracts are individually negotiated and usually include cargo description, quantities per shipment and in total, load and discharge ports, freight rates and duration of the contract.
Contribution: The difference between sales price and various costs. Contribution is used to cover fixed costs and profits.
Contribution Margin: An amount equal to the difference between sales revenue and variable costs.
Controlled Access: Referring to an area within a warehouse or yard that is fenced and gated. These areas are typically used to store high-value items and may be monitored by security cameras.
Conveyance: The application used to describe the function of a vehicle of transfer.
Conveyor: A materials handling device that moves freight from one warehouse area to another. Roller conveyors utilize gravity, whereas belt conveyors use motors.
Cooperative Associations: Groups of firms or individuals having common interests; agricultural cooperative associations may haul up to 25 percent of their total interstate non-farm, nonmember goods tonnage in movements incidental and necessary to their primary business.
Coordinated Transportation: Two or more carriers of different modes transporting a shipment.
CORBA: Common Object Request Broker Architecture.
Core Competency: Bundles of skills or knowledge sets that enable a firm to provide the greatest level of value to its customers in a way that's difficult for competitors to emulate and that provides for future growth. Core competencies are embodied in the skills of the workers and in the organization. They are developed through collective learning, communication, and commitment to work across levels and functions in the organization and with the customers and suppliers. A core competency could be the capability of a firm to coordinate and harmonize diverse production skills and multiple technologies. To illustrate: advanced casting processes for making steel require the integration of machine design with sophisticated sensors to track temperature and speed, and the sensors require mathematical modeling of heat transfer. For rapid and effective development of such a process, materials scientists must work closely with machine designers, software engineers, process specialists, and operating personnel. Core competencies are not directly related to the product or market.
Core Process: That unue capability that is central to a company's competitive strategy.
Cost Accounting: The branch of accounting that is concerned with recording and reporting business operating costs. It includes the reporting of costs by departments, activities, and products.
Cost and Freight (C & F): The seller quotes a price that includes the cost of transportation to a specific point. The buyer assumes responsibility for loss and damage and pays for the insurance of the shipment.
Cost Allocation: In accounting, the assignment of costs that cannot be directly related to production activities via more measurable means, e. g., assigning corporate expenses to different products via direct labor costs or hours.
Cost Center: In accounting, a sub-unit in an organization that is responsible for costs.
Cost Driver: In accounting, any situation or event that causes a change in the consumption of a resource, or influences quality or cycle time. An activity may have multiple cost drivers. Cost drivers do not necessarily need to be quantified; however, they strongly influence the selection and magnitude of resource drivers and activity drivers.
Cost Driver Analysis: In cost accounting, the examination, quantification, and explanation of the effects of cost drivers. The results are often used for continuous improvement programs to reduce throughput times, improve quality, and reduce cost.
Cost Element: In cost accounting, the lowest level component of a resource activity, or cost object.
Cost, Insurance, Freight: A freight term indicating that the seller is responsible for cost, the marine insurance, and the freight charges on an ocean shipment of goods.
Cost Management: The management and control of activities and drivers to calculate accurate product and service costs, improve business processes, eliminate waste, influence cost drivers, and plan operations. The resulting information can be very useful in setting and evaluating an organization's strategies.
Cost of Capital: The cost to borrow or invest capital.
Cost-of-Goods Sold (COGS): The amount of direct materials, direct labor, and allocated overhead associated with products sold during a given period of time, determined in accordance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP).
Cost of Lost Sales: The forgone profit companies associate with a stockout.
Cost Trade-Off: The interrelationship among system variables in which a change in one variable affects other variables' costs. A cost reduction in one variable may increase costs for other variables, and vice versa.
Cost Variance: In cost accounting the difference between what has been budgeted for an activity and what it actually costs.
Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP): The CSCMP is a not-for-profit professional business organization consisting of individuals throughout the world who have interests and/or responsibilities in logistics and supply chain management, and the related functions that make up these professions. Its purpose is to enhance the development of the logistics and supply chain management professions by providing these individuals with educational opportunities and relevant information through a variety of programs, services, and activities.
Countertrade: A reciprocal trading agreement that includes a variety of transactions involving two or more parties.
Countervailing Duties: An additional import duty imposed to offset Government subsidies in the exporting country, when the subsidized imports cause material injury to domestic industry in the importing country.
Country of Destination: The country that will be the ultimate or final destination for goods.
Country of Origin: The country where the goods were manufactured.
Courier Service: A fast, door-to-door service for high-valued goods and documents; firms usually limit service to shipments weighing fifty pounds or less.
Crane: A materials handling device that lifts heavy items. There are two types: bridge and stacker.
Credit Level: The amount of purchasing credit a customer has available. Usually defined by the internal credit department and reduced by any existing unpaid bills or open orders.
Credit Terms: The agreement between two or more enterprises concerning the amount and timing of payment for goods or services.
Critical Differentiators: This is what makes an idea, product, service, or business model unue.
Critical Success Factor (CSF): Those activities and/or processes that must be completed and/or controlled to enable a company to reach its goals.
Critical Value Analysis: A modified ABC analysis in which a company assigns a subjective critical value to each item in an inventory.
Crossdock: Crossdock operations in a warehouse involve moving goods between different trucks to consolidate loads without intermediate storage.
Cross Docking: A distribution system in which merchandise received at the warehouse or distribution center is not put away, but instead is readied for shipment to retail stores. Cross docking requires close synchronization of all inbound and outbound shipment movements. By eliminating the put-away, storage, and selection operations, it can significantly reduce distribution costs.
Cross Sell: The practice of attempting to sell additional products to a customer during a sales call. For example, when the CSR presents a camera case and accessories to a customer that is ordering a camera.
Cross Shipment: Material flow activity where materials are shipped to customers from a secondary shipping point rather than from a preferred shipping point.
CSG: Communications Support Group.
Cubage: Cubic volume of space being used or available for shipping or storage.
Cube Out: The situation when a piece of equipment has reached its volumetric capacity before reaching the permitted weight limit.
Cube Utilization: In warehousing, a measurement of the utilization of the total storage capacity of a vehicle or warehouse.
Cubic Capacity: The carrying capacity of a piece of equipment according to measurement in cubic feet.
Cubic Space: In warehousing, a measurement of space available, or required, in transportation and warehousing.
Cumulative Lead Time: The total time required to source components, build, and ship a product.
Cumulative Source/Make Cycle Time: The cumulative internal and external lead time to manufacture shippable product, assuming that there is no inventory on hand, no materials or parts on order, and no prior forecasts existing with suppliers. (An element of Total Supply Chain Response Time) Calculation: The critical path along the following elements: Total Sourcing Lead Time, Manufacturing Order Release to Start Manufacturing, total Manufacture Cycle Time (Make to Order, Engineer to Order, Configure/Package to Order) or Manufacture Cycle Time (Make to Stock), Complete Manufacture to Ship Time. Note: Determined separately for Make-to-Order, Configure/Package-to-Order, Engineer-to-Order, and Make-to-Stock products.
Currency Adjustment Factor (CAF): A surcharge imposed by a carrier on ocean freight charges to offset foreign currency fluctuations.
Customer: 1) In VMI, the trading partner or reseller, i. e., Wal-Mart, Safeway, or CVS. 2) In direct consumer, the end customer or user.
Customer Acquisition or Retention: The rate at which new customers are acquired, or existing customers are retained. A key selling point to potential marquis partners.
Customer Driven: The end user, or customer, motivates what is produced or how it is delivered.
Customer Facing: Those personnel whose jobs entail actual contact with the customer.
Customer Order: An order from a customer for a particular product or a number of products. It is often referred to as an actual demand to distinguish it from a forecasted demand.
Customer/Order Fulfillment Process: A series of customers' interactions with an organization through the order-filling process, including product/service design, production and delivery, and order stats reporting.
Customer Profitability: The practice of placing a value on the profit generated by business done with a particular customer.
Customer Relationship Management (CRM): This refers to information systems that help sales and marketing functions as opposed to the ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), which is for back-end integration.
Customer Segmentation: Dividing customers into groups based on specific criteria, such as products purchased, customer geographic location, etc.
Customer Service: The series of activities involved in providing the full range of services to customers.
Customer Service Representative (CSR): An individual who provides customer support via telephone in a call-center environment.
Customer-Supplier Partnership: A long-term relationship between a buyer and a supplier characterized by teamwork and mutual confidence. The supplier is considered an extension of the buyer's organization. The partnership is based on several commitments. The buyer provides long-term contracts and uses fewer suppliers. The supplier implements quality assurance processes so that incoming inspection can be minimized. The supplier also helps the buyer reduce costs and improve product and process designs.
Customization: Creating a product from existing components into an individual order. Synonym: Build to Order.
Customs: The authorities designated to collect duties levied by a country on imports and exports.
Customs Automated Data Exchange System (CADEX): A Canada Customs system that allows for the electronic transmission of import data for goods that have already been released. Additional information such as accounting data and release notifications are also accessible.
Customs Broker: A firm that represents importers/exporters in dealings with customs. Normally responsible for obtaining and submitting all documents for clearing merchandise through customs, arranging inland transport, and paying all charges related to these functions.
Customs Clearance: The act of obtaining permission to import merchandise from another country into the importing nation.
Customs House Broker: A business firm that oversees the movement of international shipments through Customs, and ensures that the documentation accompanying a shipment is complete and accurate.
Customs Invoice: A document that contains a declaration by the seller, the shipper, or the agent as to the value of the shipment.
Customs Value: The value of the imported goods on which duties will be assessed.
CWT: The abbreviation for hundredweight, which is the equivalent of 100 pounds. See Hundredweight.
Cycle Inventory: An inventory system where counts are performed continuously, often eliminating the need for an annual overall inventory. It is usually set up so that A items are counted regularly (i. e., every month), B items are counted semi-regularly (every quarter or six months), and C Items are counted perhaps only once a year.
Cycle Time: The amount of time it takes to complete a business process.
Cycle Time to Process Obsolete and End-of-Life Product Returns for Disposal: The total time to process goods returned as obsolete and end of life to actual disposal. This cycle time includes the time a Return Product Authorization (RPA) is created to the time the RPA is approved, from Product Available for Pickup to Product Received and from Product Receipt to Product Disposal/Recycle.
Cycle Time to Repair or Refurbish Returns for Use: The total time to process goods returned for repair or refurbishing. This cycle time includes the time a Return Product Authorization (RPA) is created to the time the RPA is approved, from Product Available for Pickup to Product Received, from Product Receipt to Product Repair/Refurbish Begin, and from Product Repair/Refurbish Begin to Product Available for Use.
Dangerous Goods: Articles or substances capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety, or property, and that ordinarily require special attention when transported. See also Hazardous Goods .
Dashboard: A performance measurement tool used to capture a summary of the key performance indicators/metrics of a company. Metrics dashboards/scorecards should be easy to read and usually have red, yellow, green indicators to flag when the company is not meeting its metrics targets. Ideally, a dashboard/scoreboard should be cross functional in nature and include both financial and non-financial measures. In addition, scorecards should be reviewed regularly - at least on a monthly basis, and weekly in key functions such as manufacturing and distribution where activities are critical to the success of a company. The dashboards/scorecards philosophy can also be applied to external supply chain partners like suppliers to ensure that their objectives and practices align. Synonym: Scorecard.
Data Dictionary: Lists the data elements for which standards exist. The Joint Electronic Document Interchange (JEDI) committee developed a data dictionary that is employed by many EDI users.
Data Interchange Standards Association (DISA): The secretariat which provides clerical and administrative support to the ASC X12 Committee.
Data Mining: The process of studying data to search for previously unknown relationships. This knowledge is then applied to achieving specific business goals.
Data Warehouse: A repository of data that has been specially prepared to support decision-making applications. Synonym: Decision-Support Data.
Database: Data stored in computer-readable form, usually indexed or sorted in a logical order by which users can find a particular item of data they need.
Date Code: A label on products with the date of production. In food industries, it's often an integral part of the lot number.
Days of Supply: Measure of quantity of inventory on hand in relation to number of days for which usage will be covered. For example, if a component is consumed in manufacturing at the rate of 100 per day and there are 1,585 units available on hand, this represents 15.85 days' supply.
Deadhead: The return of an empty transportation container to its point of origin. See Backhaul.
Dead on Arrival (DOA): A term used to describe products which are not functional when delivered. Synonym: Defective.
Deadweight Tons (DWT): The cargo carrying capacity of a vesel, including fuel oil, stores and provisions.
Decentralized Authority: A situation in which a company management gives decision-making authority to managers at many organizational levels.
Decision Support System (DSS): Software that speeds access and simplifies data analysis, queries, etc.
Declaration of Dangerous Goods: To comply with the U. S. regulations, exporters are required to provide special notices to inland and ocean transport companies when goods are hazardous.
Declared Value for Carriage: The value of the goods, declared by the shipper on a bill of lading, for the purpose of determining a freight rate or the limit of the carrier's liability.
Deconsolidator: An enterprise that provides services to un-group shipments, orders, goods, etc., to facilitate distribution.
Dedicated Contract Carriage: A third party service that dedicates equipment (vehicles) and drivers to a single customer for its exclusive use on a contractual basis.
Defective goods inventory (DGI): Those items that have been returned, have been delivered damaged and have a freight claim outstanding, or have been damaged in some way during warehouse handling.
Delivery Appointment: The time agreed upon between two enterprises for goods or transportation equipment to arrive at a selected location.
Delivery-Duty-Paid: Supplier/manufacturer arrangement in which suppliers are responsible for the transport of the goods they've produced, which are being sent to a manufacturer. This responsibility includes tasks such as ensuring that products get through Customs.
Delivery Instructions: A document issued to a carrier to pick up goods at a location anddeliver them to another location. See also Delivery Order.
Delivery Order: A document issued by the customs broker to the ocean carrier as authority to release the cargo to the appropriate party.
Delivery Performance to Commit Date: The percentage of orders that are fulfilled on o before the internal commit date, used as a measure of internal scheduling systems effectiveness. Delivery measurements are based on the date a complete order is shipped or the ship-to date of a complete order. A complete order has all items on the order delivered in the quantities requested. An order must be complete to be considered fulfilled. Multiple-line items on a single order with different planned delivery dates constitute multiple orders, and multiple-planned delivery dates on a single line item also constitute multiple orders. Calculation: [Total number of orders delivered in full and on time to the scheduled commit date]/[Total number of orders delivered]
Delivery Performance to Request Date: The percentage of orders that are fulfilled on or before the customer's requested date used as a measure of responsiveness to market demand. Delivery measurements are based on the date a complete order is shipped or the ship-to date of a complete order. A complete order must be complete to be considered fulfilled. Multiple line items on a single order with different planned delivery dates constitute multiple orders, and multiple planned delivery dates on a single line item also constitute multiple orders. Calculation: [Total number of orders delivered in full and on time to the customer's request date]/[Total number of orders delivered]
Delta Nu Alpha: A professional association of transportation and traffic practitioners.
Demand Chain Management: The same as supply chain management, but with an emphasis on consumer pull versus supplier push.
Demand Planning Systems: The systems that assist in the process of identifying, aggregating, and prioritizing all sources of demand for the integrated supply chain of a product of service at the appropriate level, horizon, and interval.
Demand Pull: The triggering of material movement to a work center only when that work center is ready to begin the next job. In effect, it eliminates the queue from in from of a work center, but it can cause a queue at the end of a previous work center.
Demand Side Analysis: Technues such as market research, surveys, focus groups, and performance/cost modeling used to identify emerging technologies.
Demand Signal: A signal from a consumer, customer or using operation that triggers the issue of product or raw material.
Demand Supply Balancing: The process of identifying and measuring the gaps and imbalances between demand and resources in order to determine how to best resolve the variances through marketing, pricing, packaging, warehousing, outsource plans, or some other action that will optimize service, flexibility, costs, assets, (or other supply chain inconsistencies) in an iterative and collaborative environment.
Deming Circle: The concept of a continuously rotating wheel of plan-to-do-check-action (PDCA) used to show the need for interaction among market research, design, production, and sales to improve quality. Also see: Plan-Do-Check-Action.
Demographic Segmentation: In marketing, dividing potential markets by characteristics of potential customers, such as age, sex, income, and education.
Demurrage: The carrier charges and fees applied when rail freight cars and ships are retained beyond a specified loading or unloading time. Also see: Detention, Express.
Denied Party Listing (DPL): A list of organizations that is unauthorized to submit a bid for an activity or to receive a specific product. For example, some countries have bans on certain products like weapons or sensitive technology.
Density: A physical characteristic measuring a commodity's mass per unit volume or pounds per cubic foot; an important factor in ratemaking, since density affects the utilization of a carrier's vehicle.
Density rate: A rate based upon the density and shipment weight.
Deregulation: Revisions or complete elimination of economic regulations controlling transportation. The Motor Carrier Act of 1980 and the Staggers Act of 1980 revised the economic controls over motor carriers and railroads, and the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 eliminated economic controls over air carriers.
Derived demand: The demand for a product's transportation is derived from the product's demand at some location.
Design for Manufacture/Assembly (DFMA): A product design methodology that provides a quantitative evaluation of product designs.
Design of Experiments (DOE): A branch of applied statistics dealing with planning, conducting, analyzing, and interpreting controlled tests to evaluate the factors that control the value of a parameter or group of parameters.
Destination: The location designated as a receipt point for goods/shipment.
Detention: The carrier charges and fees applied when rail freight cars and ships are retained beyond a specified loading or unloading time. Also see: Demurrage, Express .
Devanning: The unloading of cargo from a container or other piece of equipment. See Stripping.
Differential: A discount offered by a carrier that faces a service time disadvantage over a route.
Direct Channel: This is when your own sales force sells to the customer. Your company may ship to the customer, or a third party may handle shipment, but in either case, your company owns the sales contract and retains rights to the receivable from the customer. Your end customer may be a retail outlet. The movement to the customer may be direct from the factory, or the product may move through a distribution network owned by your company. Order information in this channel may be transmitted by electronic means.
Direct Cost: A cost that can be directly traced to a cost object since a direct or repeatable cause-and-effect relationship exists. A direct cost uses a direct assignment or cost causal relationship to transfer costs. Also see: Indirect Cost, Tracing.
Direct Product Profitability (DPP): Calculation of the net profit contribution attributable to a specific product or product line.
Direct Production Material: Material that is used in the manufacturing/content of a product. ( Example: purchased parts, solder, S glues, adhesives, mechanical parts, bill-of-materials parts, etc.)
Direct Retail Locations: A retail location that purchases products directly from your organization or responding entity.
Direct Store Delivery (DSD): Process of shipping direct from a manufacturer's plant or distribution center to the customer's retail store, thus bypassing the customer's distribution center. Also called Direct-to-Store Delivery .
Direct-to-Store (DTS) Delivery: Same as Direct Store Delivery.
Disaster Recovery Planning: Contingency planning specifically related to recovering hardware and software (e. g., data centers, application software, operations, personnel, telecommunications) in information system outages.
Discharge Port: The name of the port where the cargo is unloaded from the export vessel. This is the port reported to the U. S. Census on the Shipper's Export Declaration, Schedule K, which is used by U. S. companies when exporting. This can also be considered the first discharge port.
Discrete Manufacturing: Discrete manufacturing processes create products by assembling unconnected distinct parts as in the production of distinct items such as automobiles, appliances, or computers.
Disintermediation: When the traditional sales channels are disassembled and the middleman gets cut out of the deal. Such as where the manufacturer ships direct to a retailer, bypassing the distributor.
Dispatching: The carrier activities involved with controlling equipment; involves arranging for fuel, drivers, crews, equipment, and terminal space.
Distributed Inventory: Inventory that is geographically dispersed. For example, where a company maintains inventory in multiple distribution centers to provide a higher level of customer service.
Distribution: Outbound logistics, from the end of the production line to the end user. The activities associated with the movement of material, usually finished goods or service parts, from the manufacturer to the customer. These activities encompass the functions of transportation, warehousing, inventory control, material handling, order administration, site and location analysis, industrial packaging, data processing, and the communications network necessary for effective management. It includes all activities related to physical distribution, as well as the return of goods to the manufacturer. In many cases, this movement is made through one or more levels of fieldwarehouses. Synonym: Physical Distribution . The systematic division of a whole into discrete parts having distinctive characteristics.
Distribution Center (DC): The warehouse facility which holds inventory from manufacturing pending distribution to the appropriate stores.
Distribution Channel: One or more companies or individuals who participate in the flow of goods and services from the manufacturer to the final user or consumer.
Distribution Channel Management: The organizational and pipeline strategy for getting products to customers. Direct channels involve company sales forces, facilities, and/or direct shipments to customers; indirect channels involve the use of wholesalers, distributors, and/or other parties to supply the products to customers. Many companies use both strategies, depending on markets and effectiveness.
Distribution Planning: The planning activities associated with transportation, warehousing, inventory levels, materials handling, order administration, site and location planning, industrial packaging, data processing, and communications networks to support distribution.
Distribution Requirements Planning (DRP): A system of determining demands for inventory at distribution centers and consolidating demand information in reverse as input to the production and materials system.
Distribution Resource Planning (DRP II): The extension of distribution requirements planning into the planning of the key resources contained in a distribution system: warehouse space, workforce, money, trucks, freight cars, etc.
Distribution Warehouse: A finished goods warehouse from which a company assembles customer orders.
Distributor: A business that does not manufacture its own products, but purchases and resells these products. Such a business usually maintains a finished goods inventory. Synonym: Wholesaler.
Diversion: The process of changing the destination and/or the consignee while the shipment is enroute.
Dock Receipt: A document used to accept materials or equipment at an ocean pier or accepted location. Provides the ocean carrier with verification of receipt and the delivering carrier with proof of delivery.
Document: In EDI, a form, such as an invoice or purchase order, that trading partners have agreed to exchange and that the EDI software handles within its compliance-checking logic.
Documentation: The papers attached or pertaining to goods requiring transportation and/or transfer of ownership.
Domestic Trunk Line Carrier: A classification for air carriers that operate between major population centers. These carriers are now classified as major carriers.
Door to Door: The through-transport of goods from consignor to consignee.
Door to Port: The through transport service from consignor to port of importation.
Double Bottoms: A motor carrier operation that involves one tractor pulling two trailers.
Double-Pallet Jack: A mechanized device for transporting two standard pallets simultaneously.
Doubles: Double trucks are two 28-foot trailers that are pulled by one tractor. Doubles also are known as "double bottoms."
Download: To merge temporary files containing a day's or week's worth of information with the main data base in order to update it.
Downstream: One or more companies or individuals who participate in the flow of goods and services moving from the manufacturer to the final user or consumer.
Drayage: The service offered by a motor carrier for pick-up and delivery of ocean containers or rail containers. Drayage agents usually handle full-load containers for ocean and rail carriers.
Drayage Firms: Motor carriers that provide local pickup and delivery of trailers and containers (on chassis)
Driving Time Regulations: U. S. Department of Transportation rules that limit the maximum time a driver may drive in interstate commerce; the rules prescribe both daily and weekly maximums.
Drop: A situation in which an equipment operator deposits a trailer or boxcar at a facility at which it is to be loaded or unloaded.
Drop Ship: To take the title of the products but not actually handle, stock, or deliver it, e. g., to have one supplier ship directly to another or to have a supplier ship directly to the buyer's customer.
Drum-Buffer-Rope (DBR): In the theory of constraints, the generalized process used to manage resources to maximize throughput. The drum is the rate or pace of production set by the system's constraint. The buffers establish the protection against uncertainty so that the system can maximize throughput. The rope is a communication process from the constraint to the gating operation that checks or limits material released into the system to support the constraint.
Dual Operation: A motor carrier that has both common and contract carrier operating authority.
Dual rate system: An international water carrier pricing system in which a shipper signing an exclusive use agreement with the conference pays a rate 10 to 15 percent lower than non-signing shippers do for an identical shipment.
Dumping: When a product is sold below cost in a foreign market and/or when a product is sold at a lower price in the foreign market than in a domestic market, with the intention of driving out competition in the foreign market.
Dunnage: The packing material used to protect a product from damage during transport.
DUNS Number: A coded, numerical representation assigned to a specific company (USA).
Duty: A tax imposed by a government on merchandise imported from another country.
Duty Drawback: A refund of duty paid on imported merchandise when it is exported later, whether in the same or a different form.
Duty Free Zone (DFZ): An area where goods or cargo can be stored without paying import customs duties while awaiting manufacturing or future transport.
Dynamic Process Control (DPC): Continuous monitoring of process performance and adjustment of control parameters to optimize process output.
80/20 Rule: A term referring to the Pareto principle. This principle suggests that most effects come from relatively few causes; that is, 80% of the effects (or sales or costs) come from 20% of the possible causes (or items). Also see: ABC Classification, Pareto.
EAN. UCC: European Article Numbering/Uniform Code Council. The EAN. UCC System provides identification standards to unuely identify trade items, logistics units, locations, assets, and service relations worldwide. The identification standards define the construction of globally-unue and unambiguous numbers. For additional reference, please see uc-council/ean_ucc_systems/stnds_and_tech/bus_apps. html.
Early Supplier Involvement (ESI): The process of involving suppliers early in the product design activity and drawing on their expertise, insights, and knowledge to generate better designs in less time and ones that are easier to manufacture with high quality.
Earnings Before Interest and Taxes (EBIT): A measure of a company's earning power from ongoing operations, equal to earnings (revenues minus cost of sales, operating expenses, and taxes) before deduction of interest payments and income taxes. Also called operating profit.
Economic Order Quantity (EOQ): An inventory model that determines how much to order by determining the amount that will meet customer service levels while minimizing total ordering and holding costs.
Economic Value Added (EVA): A measurement of shareholder value as a company's operating profits after tax, less an appropriate charge for the capital used in creating the profits.
Economy of Scale: A phenomenon whereby larger volumes of production reduce unit cost by distributing fixed costs over a larger quantity.
EDI Interchange: Communication between partners in the form of a structured set of messages and service segments starting with an interchange control header and ending with an interchange control trailer. In the context of X.400 EDI messaging, the contents of the primary body of an EDI message.
EDIFACT: Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, commerce, and Transport. The United Nations' EDI standard.
EDI Standards: Criteria that define the data content and format requirements for specific business transactions (e. g., purchase orders). Using standard formats allows companies to exchange transactions with multiple trading partners more easily. Also see: American National Standards Institute.
EDI Transmission: A functional group of one or more EDI transactions that are sent to the same location in the same transmission, and are identified by a functional group header and trailer.
Efficient Consumer Response (ECR): A demand-driven replenishment system designed to link all parties in the logistics channel to create a massive flow-through distribution network. Replenishment is based on consumer demand and point-of-sale information.
Electronic Commerce (EC): Also written as e-commerce. Conducting business electronically via traditional EDI technologies, or online via the Internet. In the traditional sense of selling goods, it's possible to do this electronically because of certain software programs that run the main functions of e-commerce support, such as product display, ordering, shipment, billing, and inventory management. The definition of e-commerce includes business activity that is business-to-business (B2B) and/or business-to-consumer (B2C)
Electronic Data Interchange (EDI): Intercompany, computer-to-computer transmission of business information in a standard format. For EDI purists, computer to computer means direct transmission from the originating application program to the receiving or processing application program. An EDI transmission consists only of business data, not any accompanying verbiage or free-form messages. Purists might also contend that a standard format is one that is approved by a national or international standards organization, as opposed to formats developed by industry groups or companies.
Electronic Data Interchange Association: A national body that propagates and controls the use of EDI in a given country. All EDIAs are nonprofit organizations dedicated to encouraging EDI growth. The EDI in the United States was formerly TDCC and administered the development of standards in transportation and other industries.
Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT): A computerized system that processes financial transactions and information about these transactions or performs the exchange of value. Sending payment instructions across a computer network, or the company-to-company, company-to-bank, or bank-to bank electronic exchange of value.
Electronic Mail (E-Mail): The computer-to-computer exchange of messages. E-mail is usually unstructured (free-form) rather than in a structured format. X.400 has become the standard for e-mail exchange.
Embargo: A prohibition upon exports or imports, either with specific products or specific countries.
Empirical: Pertaining to a statement or formula based on experience or observation rather than on deduction or theory.
End Item: A product sold as a completed item or repair part; any item subject to a customer order or sales forecast. Synonym: Finished Goods Inventory.
End-of-Life Inventory: Inventory on hand that will satisfy future demand for products that are no longer in production at your company.
End User: The final buyer of the product who purchases the product for immediate use.
Engineering Change: A revision to a drawing or design released by engineering to modify or correct a part. The request for the change can be from a customer or from production, quality control, another department, or a supplier. Synonym: Engineering Change Order.
Engineering Change Order (ECO): A documented and approved revision to a product or process specification.
Engineer to Order: A process in which the manufacturing organization must first prepare (engineer) significant product or process documentation before manufacture may begin.
Enroute: A term used for goods in transit or on the way to a destination.
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI): A computer term for the tools and technues used in linking ERP and other enterprise systems together. Linking systems is key for e-business. Gartner says "firms implementing enterprise applications spend at least 30% on point-to-point interfaces."
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) System: A class of software for planning and managing enterprise-wide the resources needed to take customer orders, ship them, account for them, and replenish all needed goods according to customer orders and forecasts. Often includes electronic commerce with suppliers. Examples of ERP systems are the application suites from SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft, and others.
Entry Form: The document that must be filed with Customs to obtain the release of imported goods and to allow collection of duties and statistics. Also called a Customs Entry Form or Entry.
Enveloping: an EDI management software function that groups all documents of the same type, or functioal group, and bound for the same destination into an electronic envelope. Enveloping is useful where there are multiple documents such as orders or invoices issued to a single trading partner that need to be sent as a packet.
Environmentally Sensitive Engineering: Designing features in a product and its packaging that improve recycling, etc. It can include elimination of compounds that are hazardous to the environment.
EPC or ePC: Electronic Product Code. An electronically coded tag that is intended as an improvement to the UPC bar code system. The EPC is a 96-bit tag which contains a number called the global Trade Identification Number (GTIN). Unlike a UPC number, which only provides information specific to a group of products, the GTIN gives each product its own specific identifying number, giving greater accuracy in tracking.
Equipment: The rolling stock carriers use to facilitate the transportation services that they provide, including containers, trucks, chassis, vessels, and airplanes, among others.
Equipment I. D.: An identifier assigned by the carrier to a piece of equipment. See also Container ID.
Equipment Positioning: The process of placing equipment at a selected location.
Ergonomic : The science of creating workspaces and products which are human friendly to use.
ETA: The Estimated Time of Arrival.
ETD: The Estimated Time of Departure.
Ethical Standards: A set of guidelines for proper conduct by business professionals.
Evaluated Receipts Settlement (ERS): A process for authorizing payment for goods based on actual receipts with purchase order data when price has already been negotiated. The basic premise behind ERS is that all of the information in an invoice has already been transmitted in the shipping documentation. Therefore, the invoice is eliminated and the shipping documentation is used to pay the vendor.
Exception Rate: A deviation from the class rate; changes (exceptions) made to the classification.
Exclusive Patronage Agreements: A shipper agrees to use only a conference's member liner firms in return for a 10 to 15 percent rate reduction.
Exclusive Use: Vehicles that a carrier assigns to a specific shipper for its exclusive use.
Exempt Carrier: A for-hire carrier that is free from economic regulation. Trucks hauling certain commodities are exempt from Interstate Commerce Commission economic regulation. By far, the largest portion of exempt carriers transports agricultural commodities or seafood.
Expediting: (1) Moving shipments through regular channels at an accelerated rate. (2) To take extraordinary action because of an increase in relative priority. Synonym: Stock chase.
Expert System: A computer program that mimics a human expert.
Export: To send goods and services to another country.
Export Compliance: Complying with rules for exporting products, including packaging, labeling, and documentation.
Export Broker: An enterprise that brings together buyer and seller for a fee, then eventually withdraws from the transaction.
Export Declaration: A document required by the U. S. Treasury department and completed by the exporter to show the value, weight, consignee, destination, etc., pertinent to the export shipment. The document serves two purposes: to gather trade statistics and to provide a control document if the goods require a valid export license.
Export License: A document secured from a government authorizing an exporter to export a specific quantity of a controlled commodity to a certain country. An export license is often required if a government has placed embargoes or other restrictions upon exports.
Export Management Company: A private firm that serves as the export department for several manufacturers, soliciting and transacting export business on behalf of its clients in return for a commission, salary, or a retainer plus commission.
Export Sales Contract: The initial document in any international transaction; it details the specifics of the sales agreement between the buyer and seller.
Export Trading Company: A firm that buys domestic products for sale overseas. A trading company takes title to the goods; an export-management company usually does not.
Exporter Identification Number (EIN): A number required for the exporter on the Shipper's Export Declaration. A corporation may use their Federal Employer Identification Number as issued by the IRS; individuals can use their Social Security Numbers.
Express: (1) Carrier payment to its customers when ships, rail cars, or trailers are unloaded or loaded in less than the time allowed by contract and returned to the carrier for use. See Demurrage, Detention. (2) The use of priority package delivery to achieve overnight or second-day delivery.
Extended Enterprise: The notion that supply chain partners form a larger entity which works together as though it were a single unit.
Extensible Markup Language (XML): A computer term for a language that facilitates direct communication of data among computers on the Internet. Unlike the older hypertext markup language (HTML) which provides data tags that give instructions to a web browser on how to display information, XML tags give instructions to a browser or to application software which help to define specifics about the category of information.
External Factory: A situation where suppliers are viewed as an extension of the firm's manufacturing capabilities and capacities. The same practices and concerns that are commonly applied to the management of the firm's manufacturing system should also be applied to the management of the external factory.
Extranet: A computer term describing a private network (or a secured link on the public Internet) that links separate organizations and uses the same software and protocols as the Internet. Used for improving supply chain management. For example, extranets are used to provide access to a supply chain partner's internal inventory data which is not available to unrelated parties. Antonym: Intranet.
Ex Works: The price that the seller quotes applies only at the point of origin. The buyer takes possession of the shipment at the point of origin and bears all costs and risks associated with transporting the goods to the destination.
5-Point Annual Average: Method frequently used in PMG studies to establish a representative average for a one-year period. Calculation: [12/31/03 + 3/31/04 + 6/30/05 + 9/30/06 + 12/31/07]/5.
5-S Program: A program for organizing work areas. Sometimes referred to as elements, each of the five components of the program begins with the letter "S." They include sort, systemize, shine or sweep, standardize, and sustain. In the UK, the concept is converted to the 5-C program comprising five comparable components: clear out, configure, clean and check, conformity, and custom and practice.
* Sort - get rid of clutter; separate out what is needed for the operations. * Systemize/Set in Order - organize the work area; make it easy to find what is needed.
* Shine - clean the work area; make it shine.
* Standardize - establish schedules and methods of performing the cleaning and sorting.
* Sustain - implement mechanisms to sustain the gains through involvement of people, integration into the performance measurement system, discipline, and recognition.
The 5-S program is frequently combines with precepts of the Lean Manufacturing Initiative. Even when used separately, however, the 5-S (or 5-C) program is said to yield excellent results. Implementation of the program involves introducing each of the five elements in order, which reportedly generates multiple benefits, including product diversification, higher quality, lower costs, reliable deliveries, improved safety, and higher availability rate.
Fabricator: A manufacturer that turns the product of a raw materials supplier into a larger variety of products. A fabricator may turn steel rods into nuts, bolts, and twist drills, or may turn paper into bags and boxes.
Facilities: The physical plant, distribution centers, service centers, and related equipment.
Failure Modes Effects Analysis (FMEA): A pro-active method of predicting faults and failures so that preventive action can be taken.
Fair Return: A profit level that enables a carrier to realize a rate of return on investment or property value that the regulatory agencies deem acceptable for that level of risk.
Fair Value: The value of the carrier's property; the calculation basis has included original cost minus depreciation, replacement cost, and market value.
Federal Aviation Administration: The federal agency that administers federal safety regulations governing air transportation.
Federal Maritime Commission: Regulatory agency responsible for rates and practices of ocean carriers shipping to and from the United States.
FEU: Forty-foot equivalent unit, a standard size intermodal container.
Field Finished Goods: Inventory which is kept at locations outside the four walls of the manufacturing plant (i. e., distribution center or warehouse).
Field Service Parts: Parts inventory kept at locations outside the four walls of the manufacturing plant (i. e., distribution center or warehouse.
Field Warehouse: A warehouse that stores goods on the goods' owner's property while the goods are under a bona fide public warehouse manager's custody. The owner uses the public warehouse receipts as collateral for a loan.
Fill Rate: The percentage of order items that the picking operation actually found.
Fill Rates by Order: Whether orders are received and released consistently, or released from a blanket purchase order, this metric measures the percentage of ship-from-stock orders shipped within 24 hours of order "release." Make-to-stock schedules attempt to time the availability of finished goods to match forecasted customer orders or releases. Orders that were not shipped within 24 hours due to consolidation but were available for shipment within 24 hours are reported separately. In calculating elapsed time for order fill rates, the interval begins at ship release and ends when material is consigned for shipment.
Calculation: [Number of orders filled from stock shipped within 24 hours or order release]/[Total number of stock orders]
The same concept of fill rates can be applied to order lines and individual products to provide statistics on percentage of lines shipped completely and percentage of products shipped completely.
Final Assembly: The highest level assembled product, as it is shipped to customers. This terminology is typically used when products consist of many possible features and options that may only be combined when an actual order is received. Also see: End Item, Assemble to Order.
Final Assembly Schedule (FAS): A schedule of end items to finish the product for specific customers' orders in a make-to-order or assemble-to-order environment. It's also referred to as the finishing schedule because it may involve operations other than just the final assembly; also, it may not involve assembly, but simply final mixing, cutting, packaging, etc. The FAS is prepared after receipt of a customer order as constrained by the availability of material and capacity, and it schedules the operations required to complete the product from the level where it is stocked (or master scheduled) to the end-item level.
Final Destination: The last stopping point for a shipment.
Finance Lease: An equipment-leasing arrangement that provides the lessee with a means of financing for the leased equipment; a common method for leasing motor carrier trailers.
Financial Responsibility: Motor carriers must have bodily injury and property damage (not cargo) insurance of not less than $500,000 per incident per vehicle; higher financial responsibility limits apply for motor carriers transporting oil or hazardous materials.
Finished Goods Inventory (FG or FGI): Products completely manufactured, packaged, stored, and ready for distribution. Also see: End Item.
FIPS: Federal Information Processing Standards.
Firewall: A computer term for a method of protecting the files and programs on one network from users on another network. A firewall blocks unwanted access to a protected network while giving the protected network access to networks outside of the firewall. a company will typically install a firewall to give users access to the Internet while protecting their internal information.
Firm Planned Order: In a DRP or MRP system, a planned order whose status has been updated to a fixed order.
First In First Out (FIFO): In inventory control and financial accounting, this refers to the practice of using stock from inventory on the basis of what was received first and is consumed first. Antonym: Last In First Out.
First Mover Advantage: Market innovator, putting the company in the leadership position.
Fixed Costs: Costs which do not fluctuate with business volume in the short run. Fixed costs include items such as depreciation on buildings and fixtures.
Fixed Order Quantity: A lot-sizing technue in MRP or inventory management that will always cause planned or actual orders to be generated for a pre-determined fixed quantity, or multiples thereof, if net requirements for the period exceed the fixed order quantity.
Fixed Overhead: Traditionally, all manufacturing costs, other than direct labor and direct materials, that continue even if products are not produced. Although fixed overhead is necessary to produce the product, it cannot be directly traced to the final product. Also see: Indirect Cost.
Fixed Quantity Inventory Model: A setup wherein a company orders the same (fixed) quantity each time it places an order for an item.
Flatbed: A flatbed, also called a haul brite, is a type of trailer on a truck that consists of a floor and no enclosure.
Flatcar: A railcar without sides, used for hauling machinery.
Flexibility: Ability to respond quickly and efficiently to changing customer and consumer demands.
Flexible-Path Equipment: Materials handling devices that include hand trucks and forklifts.
Flexible Specialization: A strategy based on multi-use equipment, skilled workers, innovative senior management to accommodate the continuous change that occurs in the marketplace.
Flight Number: An identifier associated with the air equipment (plane). Typically a combination of two letters, indicating the airline, and three or four digits indicating the number of the voyage.
Float: The time required for documents, payments, etc. to get from one trading partner to another.
Floor-Ready Merchandise (FRM): Goods shipped by suppliers to retailers with all necessary tags, prices, security devices, etc. already attached so goods can be cross docked rapidly through retail DCs, or received directly at stores.
Flow Rack: A storage method where product is presented to picking operations at one end of a rack and replenished from the opposite end.
Flow-Through Distribution: A process in a distribution center in which products from multiple locations are brought in to the D. C. and are re-sorted by delivery destination and shipped in the same day. Also known as a "cross-dock" process in the transportation business. See Cross Docking.
FOB: A term of sale defining who is to incur transportation charges for the shipment, who is to control the shipment movement, or where title to the goods passes to the buyer; originally meant "free on board ship." See Free on Board.
FOB Destination: Title passes at destination, and seller has total responsibility until shipment is delivered.
FOB Origin: Title passes at origin, and buyer has total responsibility over the goods while in shipment.
Forecast: An estimate of future demand. A forecast can be constructed using quantitative methods, qualitative methods, or a combination of methods, and can be based on extrinsic (external) or intrinsic (internal) factors. Various forecasting technues attempt to predict one or more of the four components of demand: cyclical, random, seasonal, and trend.
Forecasting: Predictions of how much of a product will be purchased by customers. Relies upon both quantitative and qualitative methods. Also see: Forecast.
Foreign Trade Zone (FTZ): An area or zone set aside at or near a port or airport under the control of the US Customs Service, for holding goods duty-free pending Customs clearance.
For-Hire Carrier: A carrier that provides transportation service to the public on a fee basis.
Forklift Truck: A machine-powered device used to raise and lower freight and to move freight to different warehouse locations.
Form Utility: The value the production process creates in a good by changing the item's form.
Four P's: A set of marketing tools to direct the business offering to the customer. The four P's are product, price, place, and promotion.
Four-Wall Inventory: The stock which is contained within a single facility or building.
Fourth Party Logistics (4PL): Differs from third party logistics in the following ways: (1) 4PL organization is often a separate entity established as a joint venture or long-term contract between a primary client and one or more partners; (2) 4PL organization acts as a single interface between the client and multiple logistics service providers; (3) All aspects (ideally) of the client's supply chain are managed by the 4PL organization; (4) It is possible for a major third party logistics provider to form a 4PL organization within its existing structure ( Strategic Supply Chain Alignment ; John Gattorna).
Free Along Side (FAS): The seller agrees to deliver the goods to the dock alongside the overseas vessel that is to carry the shipment. The seller pays the cost of getting the shipment to the dock; the buyer contracts the carrier, obtains documentation, and assumes all responsibility from that point forward.
Free Alongside Ship: A term of sale indicating that the seller is liable for all changes and risks until the goods sold are delivered to the port on a dock that will be used by the vessel. Title passes to the buyer when the seller has secured a clean dock or ship's receipt of goods.
Free on Board (FOB): Contractual terms between a buyer and a seller that define where title transfer takes place.
Free Time: The period of time allowed for the removal or accumulation of cargo before charges become applicable.
Freight: Goods being transported from one place to another.
Freight Bill: The carrier's invoice for payment of transport services rendered.
Freight-All-Kinds (FAK): An approach to rate making whereby the ante is based only upon the shipment weight and distance; widely used in TOFC service.
Freight Carriers: Companies that haul freight, also called "for-hire" carriers. Methods of transportation include trucking, railroads, airlines, and sea borne shipping.
Freight Charge: The rate established for transporting freight.
Freight Collect: The freight and charges to be paid by the consignee.
Freight Consolidation: The grouping of shipments to obtain reduced costs or improved utilization of the transportation function. Consolidation can occur by market area grouping, grouping according to scheduled deliveries, or using third party pooling services such as public warehouses and freight forwarders.
Freight Forwarder: An organization which provides logistics services as an intermediary between the shipper and the carrier, typically on international shipments. Freight forwarders provide the ability to respond quickly and efficiently to changing customer and consumer demands and international shipping (import/export) requirements.
Freight Forwarders Institute: The freight forwarder industry association.
Freight Prepaid: The freight and charges to be paid by the consignor.
Freight Quotation: A quotation from a carrier or forwarder covering the cost of transport between two specified locations.
Fronthaul: The first leg of the truck trip that involves hauling a load or several loads to targeted destinations.
Fulfillment: The act of fulfilling a customer order. Fulfillment includes order management, picking, packaging, and shipping.
Full Containerload (FCL): A term used when goods occupy a whole container.
Full-Service Leasing: An equipment-leasing arrangement that includes a variety of services to support the leased equipment; a common method for leasing motor carrier tractors.
Full-time Connection: A communication link between two (or more) entities which is normally maintained continuously.
Full Truckload (FTL): Same as Full Containerload, but in reference to motor carriage instead of containers.
Fully Allocated Cost: The variable cost associated with a particular output unit plus a common cost allocation.
Functional Acknowledgement (FA): A specific EDI Transaction Set (997) sent by the recipient of an EDI message to confirm the receipt of data but with no indication as to the recipient application's response to the message. The FA will confirm that the message contained the correct number of lines, etc., via control summaries, but does not report on the validity of the data.
Functional Group: Part of the hierarchical structure of EDI transmissions, a functional group contains one or more related transaction sets preceded by a functional group header and followed by a functional group trailer.
Functional Silo: A view of an organization where each department or functional group is operated independently of other groups within the organization. Each group is referred to as a "Silo." This is the opposite of an integrated structure.
Gain Sharing: A method of incentive compensation where supply chain partners share collectively in savings from productivity improvements. The concept provides an incentive to both the buying and supplier organizations to focus on continually reevaluating, reenergizing, and enhancing their business relationship. all aspects of value delivery are scrutinized, including specification design, order processing, inbound transportation, inventory management, obsolescence programs, material yield, forecasting and inventory planning, product performance, and reverse logistics. The focus is on driving out limited value cost while protecting profit margins.
Gathering Lines: Oil pipelines that bring oil from the oil well to storage areas.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT): A multilateral trade agreement aimed at expanding international trade as a means of raising world welfare.
General-Commodities Carrier: A common motor carrier that has operating authority to transport general commodities, or all commodities not listed as special commodities.
General-Merchandise Warehouse: A warehouse used to store goods that are readily handled, are packaged, and do not require a controlled environment.
General Order (GO): A customs term referring to a warehouse where merchandise not entered within five working days after the carrier's arrival is stored at the risk and expense of the importer.
Global Positioning System (GPS): A system which uses satellites to precisely locate an object on earth. Used by trucking companies to locate over-the-road equipment.
Global Strategy: A strategy that focuses on improving worldwide performance through the sales and marketing of common goods and services with minimum product variation by country. Its competitive advantage grows through selecting the best locations for operations in other countries.
Globalization: The process of making something worldwide in scope or application.
Going-Concern Value: The value that a firm has as an entity, as opposed to the sum of the values of each of its parts taken separately; particularly important in determining a reasonable railroad rate.
Gondola: A railcar with a flat platform and sides three to five feet high, used for top loading long, heavy items.
Goods: A term associated with more than one definition: 1) Common term indicating movable property, merchandise, or wares. 2) All materials which are used to satisfy demands. 3) Whole or part of the cargo received from the shipper, including any equipment supplied by the shipper.
Government Bill of Lading (GB/L): The bill of lading used for shipments made by U. S. Government agencies.
Grandfather Clause: A provision that enabled motor carriers engaged in lawful trucking operations before the passage of the Motor Carrier Act of 1935 to secure common carrier authority w/o proving public convenience and necessity; a similar provision exists for other modes.
Granger Laws: State laws passed before 1870 in Midwestern states to control rail transportation.
Great Lakes Carriers: Water carriers that operate on the five Great Lakes.
Grid Technue: A quantitative technue to determine the least-cost center, given raw materials sources and markers, for locating a plant or warehouse.
Gross Margin: The difference between total revenue and the cost-of-goods sold. Synonym: Gross Profit Margin.
Gross National Product (GNP): A measure of a nation's output; the total value of all final goods and services a nation produces during a time period.
Gross Weight: The total weight of the vehicle and the payload of freight or passengers.
GTDI: European Guidelines for Trade Data Interchange.
GTIN: Global Tracking Identification Number or Global Trade Item Number. GTIN is the globally-unue EAN. UCC System identification number, or key, used for trade items (products and services). It's used for unuely identifying trade items (products and services) sold, delivered, warehoused, and billed throughout the retail and commercial distribution channels. Unlike a UPC number, which only provides information specific to a group of products, the GTIN gives each product its own specific identifying number, giving greater accuracy in tracking. Also see: EPC.
Guaranteed Loans: Railroad loans that the federal government cosigns and guarantees.
GUI: Graphical User Interface.
Handling Costs: The cost involved in moving, transferring, preparing, and otherwise handling inventory.
Hard Copy: Computer output printed on paper.
Harmonized Commodity Description & Coding System (Harmonized Code): An international classification system that assigns identification numbers to specific products. The coding system ensures that all parties in int'l. trade use a consistent classification for the purposes of documentation, statistical control, and duty assessment.
Hawthorne Effect: From a study conducted at the Hawthorne Plant of Western Electric Company from 1927-1932 which found that the act of showing people that you are concerned usually results in better job performance. Studying and monitoring of activities are typically seen as being concerned and results in improved productivity.
Hazardous Goods: Articles or substances capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety, or property, and that ordinarily require special attention when transported. Also called Dangerous Goods.
Hazardous Material: A substance or material which the Department of Transportation has determined to be capable of posing a risk to health, safety, and property when stored or transported in commerce.
Heijunka: In the just-in-time philosophy, an approach to level production throughout the supply chain to match the planned rate of end product sales.
Hierarchy of Cost Assignability: In cost accounting, an approach to group activity costs at the level of an organization where they are incurred, or can be directly related to. Examples are the level where individual units are identified (unit level), where batches of units are organized or processed (batch level), where a process is operated or supported (process level), or where costs cannot be objectively assigned to lower level activities or processes (facility level). This approach is used to better understand the nature of the costs, including the level in the organization at which they are incurred, the level to which they can be initially assigned (attached), and the degree to which they are assignable to other activity and/or cost object levels, i. e., activity or cost object cost, or sustaining costs.
Hi-Low: Usually refers to a forklift truck on which the operator must stand rather than sit.
Highway Trust Fund: A fund into which highway users (carriers and automobile operators) pay; the fund pays for federal government's highway construction share.
Highway Use Taxes: Taxes that federal and state governments assess against highway users (the fuel tax is an example). The government uses the use tax money to pay for the construction, maintenance, and policing of highways.
Home Page: The starting point for a web site. It's the page that's retrieved and displayed by default when a user visits a web site. The default home-page name for a server depends on the server's configuration. On many web servers, it is index. html or default. htm. Some web servers support multiple home pages.
Hopper Cars: Railcars that permit top loading and bottom unloading of bulk commodities; some hopper cars have permanent tops with hatches to provide protection against the elements.
Horizontal Play/Horizontal Hub: This is a term for a function that cuts across many industries and usually defines a facility or organization that is providing a common service.
Hostler: An individual employed to move trucks and trailers within a terminal or warehouse yard area.
House Air Waybill (HAWB): A bill of lading issued by a forwarder to a shipper as a receipt for goods that the forwarder will consolidate with cargo from other shippers for transport.
Household Goods Warehouse: A warehouse that stores household goods.
Hub: 1) A large retailer or manufacturer having many trading partners. 2) A reference for a transportation network as a "hub and spoke" which is common in the airline and trucking industry. For example, a hub airport serves as the focal point for the origin and termination of long-distance flights where flights from outlying areas are fed into the hub airport for connecting flights. 3) A common connection point for devices in a network. 4) A web "hub" is one of the initial names for what is now known as a "portal." It came from the creative idea of producing a web site which would contain many different "portal spots" (small boxes that looked like ads with links to different, yet related content). This content, combined with Internet technology, made the idea a milestone in the development and appearance of web sites, primarily due to the ability to display a lot of useful content and store one's preferred information on a secured server. The web term "hub" was replaced with portal.
5) An Internet web site that provides a central repository for data or a central planning capability in an industry or supply network.
Hub Airport: An airport that serves as the focal point for the origin and termination of long-distance flights; flights from outlying areas meet connecting flights at the hub airport.
Human Resources (HR): The function broadly responsible for personnel policies and practices within an organization.
Hundredweight (CWT): a pricing unit used in transportation (equal to 100 pounds).
ICC: Interstate Commerce Commission (U. S.).
Igloos: Pallets and containers used in air transportation; the igloo shape fits the internal wall contours of a narrow-body airplane.
Import: Movement of products from one country into another. The import of automobiles from Germany into the US is an example.
Importation Point: The location where goods will be cleared for importation into a country.
Import/Export License: Official authorization issued by a government allowing the shipping or delivery of a product across national boundaries.
In Bond: Goods are held or transported In-Bond under customs control either until import duties or other charges are paid, or to avoid paying the duties or charges until a later date.
Inbound logistics: The management of materials from suppliers and vendors into production processes or storage facilities.
Incentive Rate: A rate that induces the shipper to ship heavier volumes per shipment.
INCOTERMS: International terms of sale developed by the International Chamber of Commerce to define sellers' and buyers' responsibilities.
Independent Action: A carrier that is a rate bureau member may publish a rate that differs from the rate the rate bureau publishes.
Independent Trading Exchange (ITE): Often used synonymously with B2B, e-marketplace, or Virtual Commerce Network (VCN). ITE is a more precise term, connoting many-to-many transactions, whereas the others do not specify the transactions.
Indirect Cost: A resource or activity cost that cannot be directly traced to a final cost object since no direct or repeatable cause-and-effect relationship exists. An indirect cost uses an assignment or allocation to transfer cost.
Indirect/Distributor Channel: Your company sells and ships to the distributor. The distributor sells and ships to the end user. This may occur in multiple stages. Ultimately, your product may pass through the Indirect/Distributor Channel and arrive at a retail outlet. Order information in this channel may be transmitted by electronic means. These means may include EDI, brokered systems, or linked electronic systems.
Indirect Retail Locations: A retail location that ultimately sells your product to consumers, but who purchases your products from an intermediary, like a distributor or wholesaler.
Information: The data, plus the interpretation necessary to understand it.
Information System (I/S): Managing the flow of data in an organization in a systematic, structured way to assist in planning, implementing, and controlling.
Inherent Advantage: The cost and service benefits of one mode compared with other modes.
Inland Bill of Lading: The carriage contract used in transport from a shipping point overland to the exporter's international carrier location.
Inland Carrier: An enterprise that offers overland service to or from a point of export.
Insourcing: The opposite of outsourcing, that is, a service performed in house.
Inspection Certificate: A document certifying that merchandise (such as perishable goods) was in good condition immediately prior to shipment.
Insurance: A system of protection against loss under which a number of parties agree to pay certain sums (premiums) for a guarantee that they will be compensated under certain conditions for specified loss and damage.
Insurance Certificate: A document issued to the consignee to certify that insurance is provided to cover loss of or damage to the cargo while in transit.
Integrated Carrier: An airfreight company that offers a blend of transportation services such as air carriage, freight forwarding, and ground handling.
Integrated Logistics: A comprehensive, system-wide view of the entire supply chain as a single process, from raw materials supply through finished goods distribution. All functions that make up the supply chain are managed as a single entity rather than managing individual functions separately.
Interchange: In EDI, the exchange of electronic information between companies. Also, the group of transaction sets transmitted from one sender to one receiver at one time. Delineated by interchange control segments.
Intercoastal carriers: Water carriers that transport freight between East and West Coast ports, usually by way of the Panama Canal.
Intercorporate hauling: A private carrier hauling a subsidiary's goods and charging the subsidiary a fee; this is legal if the subsidiary is wholly owned or if the private carrier has common carrier authority.
Interleaving: The practice of assigning an employee multiple tasks which are performed concurrently.
Interline: Two or more motor carriers working together to haul a shipment to a destination. Carriers may interchange equipment but usually they rehandle the shipment without transferring the equipment.
Intermediate Destination: A stopping point for a shipment prior to the final destination.
Intermediately Positioned Warehouse: A warehouse located between customers and manufacturing plants to provide increased customer service and reduced distribution cost.
Intermittent-Flow, Fixed-Path Equipment: Materials handling devices that include bridge cranes, monorails, and stacker cranes.
Intermodal Container Transfer Facility: A facility where cargo is transferred from one mode of transportation to another, usually from ship or truck to rail.
Intermodal Marketing Company (IMC): An intermediary that sells intermodal services to shippers.
Intermodal Transportation: Transporting freight by using two or more transportation modes, such as by truck and rail or truck and oceangoing vessel.
Internal Customer: The recipient (person or department) of another person's or department's output (good, service, or information) within an organization. Also see: Customer.
Internal Labor and Overhead: The portion of COGS that is typically reported as labor and overhead, less any costs already classified as "outsourced."
Internal Water Carriers: Water carriers that operate over internal, navigable rivers such as the Mississippi, Ohio, and Missouri.
International Air Transport Association: An international air carrier rate bureau for passenger and freight movements.
International Civil Aeronautics Organization: An international agency responsible for air safety and for standardizing air traffic control, airport design, and safety features worldwide.
International Import Certificate: A document required by the importing country indicating that the importing country recognizes that a controlled shipment is entering their country. The importing country pledges to monitor the shipment and prevent its re-export, except in accordance with its own export control regulations.
International Maritime Bureau (IMB): A special division of the International Chamber of Commerce.
International Maritime Organization (IMO): A United Nations-affiliated organization representing all maritime countries in matters affecting maritime transportation, including the movement of dangerous goods. The organization also is involved in deliberations on marine environmental pollution.
International Standards Organization (ISO): An organization within the United Nations to which all national and other standard-setting bodies (should) defer. Develops and monitors international standards, including OSI, EDIFACT, and X.400.
Internet: A computer term which refers to an interconnected group of computer networks from all parts of the world, i. e., a network of networks. Accessed via a modem and an online service provider, it contains many information resources and acts as a giant electronic message routing system.
Interstate Commerce: The transportation of persons or property between states; in the course of the movement, the shipment crosses a state boundary.
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC): An independent regulatory agency that implements federal economic regulations controlling railroads, motor carriers, pipelines, domestic water carriers, domestic surface freight forwarders, and brokers.
Interstate System: The National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, 42,000 miles of four-lane, limited-access roads connecting major population centers.
In-Transit Inventory: Material moving between two or more locations, usually separated geographically; for example, finished goods being shipped from a plant to a distribution center. In-transit inventory is an easily overlooked component of total supply chain availability.
Intrastate Commerce: The transportation of persons or property between points within a state. A shipment between two points within a state may be interstate if the shipment had a prior or subsequent move outside of the state and the shipper intended an interstate shipment at time of shipment.
Inventory: Raw materials, work in process, finished goods, and supplies required for creation of a company's goods and services. The number of units and/or value of the stock of goods held by a company.
Inventory Accuracy: When the on-hand quantity is equivalent to the perpetual balance (plus or minus the designated count tolerances).
Inventory Carrying Cost: One of the elements comprising a company's total supply chain management costs. These costs consist of the following:
1. Opportunity Cost: The opportunity cost of holding inventory. This should be based on your company's own cost of capital standards using the following formula.
Calculation: Cost of Capital x Average Net Value of Inventory.
2. Shrinkage: The costs associated with breakage, pilferage, and deterioration of inventories. Usually pertains to the loss of material through handling damage, theft, or neglect.
3. Insurance and Taxes: The cost of insuring inventories and taxes associated with the holding of inventory.
4. Total Obsolescence for Raw Material, WIP, and Finished Goods Inventory: Inventory reserves taken due to obsolescence and scrap and includes products exceeding the shelf life, i. e., spoils and is no good for use in its original purpose (do not include reserves taken for Field Service Parts).
5. Channel Obsolescence: Aging allowances paid to channel partners, provisions for buy-back agreements, etc. Includes all material that becomes obsolete while in a distribution channel. Usually, a distributor will demand a refund on material that goes bad (shelf life) or is no longer needed because of changing needs.
6. Field Service Parts Obsolescence: Reserves taken due to obsolescence and scrap. field service parts are those inventories kept at locations outside the four walls of the manufacturing plant i. e., distribution center or warehouse.
Inventory Cost: The cost of holding goods, usually expressed as a percentage of the inventory value; includes the cost of capital, warehousing, taxes, insurance, depreciation, and obsolescence.
Inventory, Days of: The number of days of inventory on-hand at any given time.
Inventory In Transit: Inventory in a carrier's possession, being transported to the buyer.
Inventory Management: The process of ensuring the availability of products through inventory administration.
Inventory Planning Systems: The systems that help to strategically balance the inventory policy and customer service levels throughout the supply chain. These systems usually calculate time-phased order quantities and safety stock using selected inventory strategies. Some inventory planning systems conduct what-if analysis and compare the current inventory policy with simulated inventory scenarios to improve the inventory ROI.
Inventory Turns: The cost of goods sold divided by the average level of inventory on hand. This ratio measures how many times a company's inventory has been sold during a period of time. Operationally, inventory turns are measured as total throughput divided by average level of inventory for a given period. How many times a year the average inventory for a firm changes over or is sold.
Inventory Velocity: The speed at which inventory moves through a defined cycle (i. e., from receiving to shipping).
Invoice: A detailed statement showing goods sold or shipped and amounts for each. The invoice is prepared by the seller and acts as the document that the buyer will use to make payment.
Irregular Route Carrier: A motor carrier that may provide service utilizing any route.
ISO 9000: A series of quality assurance standards compiled by the Geneva, Switzerland-based International Standards Organization. In the United States, ISO is represented by the American National Standards Institute based in Washington, DC.
ISO 14000 Series Standards: A series of generic environmental management standards under development by the International Organization of Standardization which provide structure and systems for managing environmental compliance with legislative and regulatory requirements and affect every aspect of a company's environmental operations.
Issuing Carrier: The carrier whose name is printed on the bill of lading and with whom the contract of carriage exists.
Item: Any unue manufactured or purchased part, material, intermediate, sub-assembly, or product.
Jidoka: The concept of adding an element of human judgment to automated equipment. In doing this, the equipment becomes capable of discriminating against unacceptable quality, and the automated process becomes more reliable.
Joint Cost: A common cost in cases where a company produces products in fixed proportions and the cost the company incurs to produce one product entails producing another; the backhaul is an example.
Joint Rate: A rate over a route that requires two or more carriers to transport the shipment.
Joint Supplier Agreement (JSA): Indicative of Stage 3 Sourcing Practices, the JSA includes terms and conditions, objective, process flows, performance targets, flexibility, balancing, and incentives.
Just In Time (JIT): An inventory control system that controls material flow into assembly and manufacturing plants by coordinating demand and supply to the point where desired materials arrive just in time for use. An inventory reduction strategy that feeds production lines with products delivered just in time. Developed by the auto industry, it refers to shipping goods in smaller, more frequent lots.
Just in Time II (JIT II): Vendor-managed operations taking place within a customer's facility. JIT II was popularized by the Bose Corporation. The supplier reps, called "inplants," place orders to their own companies, relieving the customer's buyers from this task. Many also become involved at a deeper level such as participating in new product development projects and manufacturing planning (concurrent planning).
Just-in-Time Logistics (or Quick Response): The process of minimizing the times required to source, handle, produce, transport, and deliver products in order to meet customer requirements.
Kaizen: A Japanese term for improvement - continuing improvement involving everyone - managers and workers. In manufacturing, kaizen relates to finding and eliminating waste in machinery, labor, or production methods. Also see: Continuous Process Improvement.
Kanban: Japanese word for visible record, loosely translated means card, billboard, or sign. Popularized by Toyota Corporation, it uses standard containers or lot sizes to deliver needed parts to the assembly line just in time for use.
Keiretsu: A form of cooperative relationship among companies in Japan where the companies largely remain legally and economically independent, even though they work closely in various ways, such as sole sourcing and financial backing. A member of a keiretsu generally owns a limited amount of stock in other member companies. A keiretsu generally forms around a bank and a trading company but distribution (supply chain) keiretsus exist, linking companies from raw material suppliers to retailers.
Key Performance Indicator (KPI): A measure which is of strategic importance to a company or department. For example, a supply chain flexibility metric is Supplier On-Time Delivery Performance which indicates the percentage of orders that fulfilled on or before the original requested date. Also see: Scorecard.
Kitting: Light assembly of components or parts into defined units, Kitting reduces the need to maintain an inventory of pre-build, completed products, but increases the time and labor consumed at shipment.
Also see: Postponement.
Lading: The cargo carried in a transportation vehicle.
Laid-Down cost: The sum of the product and transportation costs. The laid-down cost is useful in comparing the total cost of a product shipped from different supply sources to a customer's point of use.
Land bridge: The movement of containers by ship-rail-ship on Japan-to-Europe moves; ships move containers to the U. S. Pacific Coast, rails move containers to an East Coast port, and ships deliver containers to Europe.
Land Grants: Grants of land given to railroads to build tracks during their development stage.
Landed Cost: Cost of product plus relevant logistics costs, such as transportation, warehousing, handling, etc. Also called Total Landed Cost of Net Landed Costs.
Lash Barges: Covered barges that carriers load on board oceangoing ships for movement to foreign destinations.
LASH Vessel: A ship measuring at least 820 feet long with a deck crane able to load and unload barges through a stern section that projects over the water. The acronym LASH stands for Lighter (barge) Aboard Ship.
Last In First Out (LIFO): In inventory control and financial accounting, this refers to the practice of using stock from inventory on the basis of what was received last is consumed first. This has limited use in stock keeping and is primarily a cost-accounting method.
Last Updated: A date and time stamp that is recorded when a field or record was last modified by the user.
Lead Logistics Provider (LLP): An organization that organizes other third party logistics partners for outsourcing of logistics functions. Also see: Fourth Party Logistics.
Lead Time: The total time that elapses between an order's placement and its receipt. It includes the time required for order transmittal, order processing, order preparation, and transit.
Leg: A leg has an origin, destination, and carrier and is composed of all consecutive segments of a route booked through the same carrier. Also called Bookable Leg.
Less-Than-Carload (LCL): Shipment that is less than a complete rail car load (lot shipment).
Less-Than-Containerload (LCL): A term used when goods do not completely occupy an entire container. When many shipper's goods occupy a single container, each shipper's shipment is considered to be LCL.
Less-Than-Truckload (LTL) Carriers: Trucking companies that consolidate and transport smaller (less than truckload) shipments of freight utilizing a network of terminals and relay points.
Less-Than-Truckload (LTL): Trucking companies that consolidate and transport smaller (less than truckload) shipments of freight by utilizing a network of terminals and relay points.
Lessee: A person or firm to whom a lessor grants a lease.
Lessor: A person or firm that grants a lease.
Letter of Credit (LOC): A method of payment for goods in which the buyer established his credit with a local bank, clearly describing the goods to be purchased, the price, the documentation required, and a time limit for completion of the transaction. Upon receipt of documentation, the bank is either paid by the buyer or takes title to the goods themselves and proceeds to transfer funds to the seller.
Leverage: Taking something small and exploding it. Leverage can be financial or technological.
Life Cycle Cost: In cost account, a product's life cycle is the period that starts with the initial product conceptualization and ends with the withdrawal of the product from the marketplace and final disposition. A product life cycle is characterized by certain defined stages, including research, development, introduction, maturity, decline, and abandonment. Life cycle cost is the accumulated costs incurred by a product during these stages.
Lift on, Lift off (LO/LO): A method by which cargo is loaded onto and unloaded from an ocean vessel, which in this case is with a crane.
Lighter: A barge-type vessel used to carry cargo between shore and cargo ship. While the terms barge and lighter are used interchangeably, a barge usually refers to a vessel used for a long haul, while a lighter is used for a short haul.
Lighterage: The cost of loading or unloading a vessel by means of barges.
Line Functions: The decision-making areas companies associate with daily operations. Logistics line functions include traffic management, inventory control, order processing, warehousing, and packaging.
Line-Haul Shipment: A shipment that moves between cities and over distances more than 100 to 150 miles in length.
Line Item: A specific and unue identifier assigned to a product by the responsible enterprise.
Liner Service: International water carriers that ply fixed routes on published schedules.
Link: The transportation method a company uses to connect nodes (plants, warehouses) in a logistics system.
Linked Distributed Systems: Independent computer systems owned by independent organizations linked in a manner to allow direct updates to be made to one system by another. For example, a customer's computer system is linked to a supplier's system and the customer can create orders or releases directly in the supplier's system.
Live: A situation in which the equipment operator stays with the trailer or boxcar while it is being loaded or unloaded.
Local Area Network (LAN): A data communications network spanning a limited geographical area, usually a few miles at most, providing communications between computers and peripheral devices.
Load Factor: A measure of operating efficiency used by air carriers to determine a plane's utilized capacity percentage or the number of passengers divided by the total number of seats.
Load Tender (Pick-Up Request): An offer of cargo for transport by a shipper. Load tender terminology is primarily used in the motor industry.
Loading Allowance: A reduced rate that carriers offer to shippers and/or consignees who load and/or unload LTL or Any Quantity shipments.
Loading Port: The port where the cargo is loaded onto the exporting vessel. This port must be reported on the Shipper's Export Declaration, Schedule D. Schedule D is used by U. S. companies when exporting to determine which tariff is used to freight rate the cargo for carriers with more than one tariff.
Local Rate: A rate published between two points served by one carrier.
Local Service Carriers: A classification of air carriers that operate between less-populated areas and major population centers. These carriers feed passengers into the major cities to connect with major carriers. Local service carriers are now classified as national carriers.
Localized Raw Material: A raw material found only in certain locations.
Locational Determinant: The factors that determine a facility's location. For industrial facilities, the determinants include logistics.
Logbook: A daily record of the hours an interstate driver spends driving, off duty, sleeping in the berth, or on duty but not driving.
Logistics: The process of planning, implementing, and controlling procedures for the efficient and effective storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements. This definition includes inbound, outbound, internal, and external movements.
Also see the Council of Supply Chain Management Professional’s definition of Logistics .
Logistics Channel: The network of supply chain participants engaged in storage, handling, transfer, transportation, and communications functions that contribute to the efficient flow of goods.
Logistics Costs: The factors associated with the acquisition, storage, movement, and disposition of goods.
Logistics Data Interchange (LDI): A computerized system that electronically transmits logistics information.
Logistics Management as defined by the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP): Logistics management is that part of supply chain management that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective forward and reverse flow and storage of goods, services, and related information between the point of origin and the point of consumption in order to meet customers' requirements. Logistics management activities typically include inbound and outbound transportation management, fleet management, warehousing, materials handling, order fulfillment, logistics network design, inventory management, supply/demand planning and management of third party logistics services providers. To varying degrees, the logistics function also includes sourcing and procurement, production planning and scheduling, packaging and assembly, and customer service. It is involved in all levels of planning and execution - strategic, operational, and tactical. Logistics management is an integrating function which coordinates and optimizes all logistics activities with other functions, including marketing, sales, manufacturing, finance, and information technology.
Lot Control: A set of procedures (e. g., assigning unue batch numbers and tracing each batch) used to maintain lot integrity from raw materials, from the supplier through manufacturing to consumers.
Lot Size: The quantity of goods a company purchases or produces in anticipation of use or sale in the future.
LTL shipment: A less-than-truckload shipment, one weighing less than the minimum weight a company needs to use the lower truckload rate.
Lumping: When a driver assists with loading and unloading the trailer contents.
Machine Downtimes: Time during which a machine cannot be utilized. Machine downtimes may occur during breakdowns, maintenance, changeovers, etc.
Macro Environment: The environment external to a business, including technological, economic, natural, and regulatory forces that marketing efforts cannot control.
Maintenance, Repair, and Operating Supplies (MRO): Items used in support of general operations and maintenance, such as maintenance supplies, spare parts, and consumables used in the manufacturing process and supporting operations.
Major Carrier: A for-hire certificated air carrier that has annual operating revenues of $1 billion or more; the carrier usually operates between major population centers.
Make-or-Buy Decision: The act of deciding whether to produce an item internally or buy it from an outside supplier. Factors to consider in the decision include costs, capacity availability, proprietary and/or specialized knowledge, quality considerations, skill requirements, volume, and timing.
Make to Order (Manufacture to Order): A manufacturing process strategy where the trigger to begin manufacture of a product is an actual customer order or release rather than a market forecast. For make-to-order products, more than 20% of the value added takes place after the receipt of the order or release, and all necessary design and process documentation is available at the time of order receipt.
Make to Stock (Manufacture to Stock): A manufacturing process strategy where finished product is continually held in plant or warehouse inventory to fulfill expected incoming orders or releases based on a forecast.
Management of All Logistics: The effective management of all costs associated with logistics functions and activities so as to minimize their sum across the product supply chain.
Manifest: A document which describes individual orders contained within a shipment.
Manufacture Cycle Time: The average time between commencement and completion of a manufacturing process, as it applies to make-to-stock products.
Calculation: [Average # of units in WIP]/[Average daily output in units]
Manufacturer's Representative: One who sells goods for several firms but does not take title to them.
Manufacturing Calendar: A calendar used in inventory and production planning functions that consecutively numbers only the working days so that the component and work order scheduling may be done based on the actual number of workdays available. Synonyms: M-Day Calendar, Planning Calendar, Production Calendar, Shop Calendar.
Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES): Programs and systems that participate in shop-floor control, including programmed logic controllers and process control computers for direct and supervisory control of manufacturing equipment; process information systems that gather historical performance information, then generate reports; graphical displays; and alarms that inform operations personnel what is going on in the plant currently and a short history into the past. Quality control information is also gathered - a laboratory information management system may be part of this configuration to tie process conditions to the quality data that are generated. Thereby, cause-and-effect relationships can be determined. The quality data at times affect the control parameters that are used to meet product specifications, either dynamically or offline.
Manufacturing Lead Time: The total time required to manufacture an item, exclusive of lower-level purchasing lead time. For make-to-order products, it's the length of time between the release of an order to the production process and shipment to the final customer. For make-to-stock products, it's the length of time between the release of an order to the production process and receipt into finished goods inventory. Included are order preparation time, queue time, set-up time, run time, move time, inspection time, and put-away time. Synonym: Manufacturing Cycle Time.
Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP-II): A method for the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing company. Ideally, it addresses operational planning in units, financial planning in dollars, and has a simulation capability to answer what-if questions. It consists of a variety of processes, each linked together: business planning, production planning (sales and operations planning), master production scheduling, material requirements planning, capacity requirements planning, and the execution support systems for capacity and material. Output from these systems is integrated with financial reports, such as business plan, purchase commitment report, shipping budget, and inventory projections in dollars. Manufacturing resource planning is a direct outgrowth and extension of closed-loop MRP.
Mar Ad: See Maritime Administration.
Marginal Cost: The cost to produce one additional unit of output. The change in total variable cost resulting from a one-unit change in output.
Marine Cargo Insurance - Average: A term in marine cargo insurance signifying loss or damage to merchandise.
Marine Cargo Insurance - FPA (Free of Particular Average): A provision in a marine cargo insurance policy that no claim shall be paid for damage to goods in the course of a voyage unless a loss is sustained that totals or exceeds a certain percentage of the value as specified in the policy. The object of such a provision is the avoidance of petty claims.
Marine Cargo Insurance - General Average: A loss arising out of a voluntary sacrifice made of any part of a shipment or cargo to prevent loss of the whole and for the benefit of all persons concerned.
Marine Cargo Insurance - Open Policy: A cargo insurance policy that is an open contract; i. e. it provides protection for all of an exporter's shipments afloat or in transit within a specified geographical trade area for an unlimited period of time, until the policy is cancelled by the insured or by the insurance company. It is "open" because the goods that are shipped are also detailed at that time. This is usually shown in a document called a marine insurance certificate.
Maritime Administration (Mar Ad): A U. S. government agency, not actively involved in vessel operation, that administers laws for maintenance of a merchant marine for the purposes of defense and commerce.
Market Demand: In marketing, the total demand that would exist within a defined customer group in a given geographical area during a particular time period given a known marketing program.
Market Dominance: The absence of effective competition for railroads from other carriers and modes for the traffic to which the rail rate applies. The Staggers Act stated that market dominance does not exist if the rate is below the revenue-to-variable-cost ratio of 160 percent in 1981 and 170 percent in 1983.
Market-Positioned Warehouse: Warehouse positioned to replenish customer inventory assortments and afford maximum inbound transport consolidation economies from inventory origin points with relatively short-haul local delivery.
Market Segment: A group of potential customers sharing some measurable characteristics based on demographics, psychographics, lifestyle, geography, benefits, etc.
Marks and Numbers: Marks and numbers placed on goods used to identify a shipment or parts of a shipment.
Marquis Partners: Key strategic relationships. This has emerged as perhaps the key competitive advantage and barrier to entry of e-marketplaces. Get the big players in the fold first, offering equity if necessary.
Mass Customization: The creation of a high-volume product with large variety so that a customer may specify his or her exact model out of a large volume of possible end items, while manufacturing cost is low because of the large volume. An example is a personal computer order in which the customer may specify processor speed, memory size, hard disk size and speed, removable storage device characteristics, and many other options when PCs are assembled on one line and at a low cost.
Master Air Waybill (MAWB): The bill of lading issued by air carriers to their customers.
Material Acquisition Costs: One of the elements comprising a company's total supply chain management costs. These costs consist of the following:
1. Materials (Commodity) Management and Planning: All costs associated with the supplier sourcing, contract negotiation and qualification, and the preparation, placement, and tracking of a purchase order - including all costs related to buyer/planners.
2. Supplier Quality Engineering: The costs associated with the determination, development/certification, and monitoring of suppliers' capabilities to fully satisfy the applicable quality and regulatory requirements. 3. Inbound Freight and Duties: Freight costs associated with the movement of material from a vendor to the buyer, including all associated administrative tasks. Duties are those fees and taxes levied by government for moving purchased material across international borders. Customs broker fees should also be included in this category.
4. Receiving and Put Away: all costs associated with taking possession of material and storing it. Note - inventory-carrying costs are normally covered in a separate worksheet. 5. Incoming Inspection: All costs associated with the inspection and testing of received materials to verify compliance with specifications.
Materials Handling: The physical handling of products and materials between procurement and shipping.
Material Index: The ratio of the sum of the localized raw material weights to the weight of the finished product.
Materials Management: Inbound logistics from suppliers through the production process. The movement and management of materials and products from procurement through production.
Materials Planning: The materials management function that attempts to coordinate materials supply with materials demand.
Material Requirements Planning (MRP): A decision-making methodology used to determine the timing and quantities of materials to purchase.
Matrix Organizational Structure: An organization structure in which two (or more) channels of command budget responsibility, and performance measurement exist simultaneously. For example, both product and functional forms of organization could be implemented simultaneously; in other words, the product and functional managers have equal authority and employees report to both managers.
Maximum Order Quantity: An order quantity modifier applied after the lot size has been calculated that limits the order quantity to a pre-established maximum.
m-Commerce: Mobile commerce applications involve using a mobile phone to carry out financial transactions. This usually means making a payment for goods or transferring funds electronically. Transferring money between accounts and paying for purchases are electronic commerce applications. An emerging application, electronic commerce has been facilitated by developments in other areas in the mobile world, such as dual slot phones and other smarter terminals, and more standardized protocols which allow greater interactivity and therefore, more sophisticated service.
Mean: The arithmetic average of a group of values. Synonym: Arithmetic Mean.
Measurement Ton: Forty cubic feet; used in water transportation ratemaking.
Median: The middle value in a set of measured values when the items are arranged in order of magnitude. If there is no single middle value, the median is the mean of the two middle values.
Merge In Transit: The process of "merging" shipments from suppliers and going directly to the buyer or to the store, bypassing the seller. A "drop shipment" from several vendors to one buyer.
Merger: The combination of two or more carriers into one company that will own, manage, and operate the properties that previously operated separately.
Message: The EDIFACT term for a transaction set. A message is the collection of data, organized in segments, exchanged by trading partners engaged in EDI. Typically, a message is an electronic version of a document associated with a common business transaction, such as a purchase order or shipping notice. A message begins with a message header segment, which identifies the start of the message (e. g., the series of characters representing one purchase order). The message header segment also carries the message type code, which identifies the business transaction type. EDIFACT's message header segment is called UNH; in ANSI X12 protocol, the message header is called ST. A message ends with a message trailer segment, which signals the end of the message (e. g., the end of one purchase order). EDIFACT's message trailer is labeled UNT; the ANSI X12 message trailer is referred to as SE.
Micro-Land Bridge: An intermodal movement in which the shipment is moved from a foreign country to the U. S. by water and then moved across the U. S. by railroad to an interior, non-port city, or vice versa for exports from a non-port city.
Mileage Allowance: An allowance, based upon distance, that railroads give to shippers using private railcars.
Mileage Rate: A rate based upon the number of miles the commodity is shipped.
Mini-Land bridge: An intermodal movement in which the shipment is moved from a foreign country to the U. S. by water and then moved across the U. S. by railroad to a destination that is a port city, or vice versa for exports from a U. S. port city.
Minimum Weight: The shipment weight the carrier's tariff specifies as the minimum weight required to use the TL or CL rate; the rate discount volume.
Mixed Loads: The movement of both regulated and exempt commodities in the same vehicle at the same time.
Modal Split: The relative use that companies make of transportation modes; the statistics include ton-miles, passenger-miles, and revenue.
Motor Carrier: An enterprise that offers service via motor carriage.
Movement of Goods: The transfer of goods from one location to another.
MRO items: Maintenance, repair, and operating items--office supplies, for example.
MRP-II: See Manufacturing Resource Planning.
MSDS: See Material Safety Data Sheet.
Multi-Currency: The ability to process orders using a variety of currencies for pricing and billing.
Multi-Language: Pertaining to the ability to process orders in many different country-specific languages using voice and text.
Multinational Company: A company that both produces and markets products in different countries.
Multiple-Car Rate: A railroad rate that is lower for shipping more than one carload at a time.
Multi-Skilled: Pertaining to individuals who are certified to perform a variety of tasks.
National Carrier: A for-hire certificated air carrier that has annual operating revenues of $75 million to $1 billion; the carrier usually operates between major population centers and areas of lesser population.
National Industrial Transportation League: An association representing shippers' and receivers' interests in matters of transportation policy and regulation.
Nationalization: Public ownership, financing, and operation of a business entity.
National Motor Bus Operators Organization: An industry association representing common and charter bus firms; now known as the American Bus Association.
National Motor Freight Classification (NMFC): A tariff, which contains descriptions and classifications of commodities and rules for domestic movement by motor carriers in the US.
National Railroad Corporation: Also known as Amtrak, the corporation established by the Rail Passenger Service Act of 1970 to operate most of the United States' rail passenger service.
Negotiable BOL: Provides for the delivery of goods to a named enterprise or to their order (anyone they may designate), but only upon surrender of proper endorsement and the bill of lading to the carrier or the carrier's agents. Also known as an order bill of lading.
Negotiations: A set of discussions between two or more enterprises to determine the business relationship.
Net Assets: Total net assets are calculated as Total Assets - Total Liabilities; where the total assets are made up of fixed assets (plant, machinery, and equipment) and current assets which is the total of stock, debtors, and cash (also includes A/R, inventory, prepaid assets, deferred assets, intangibles, and goodwill). The total liabilities are made up in much the same way as long-term liabilities and current liabilities (includes A/P, accrued expenses, deferred liabilities).
Net Weight: The weight of the merchandise, unpacked, exclusive of any containers.
New Product Introduction (NPI): The process used to develop products that are new to the sales portfolio of a company.
Node: A fixed point in a firm's logistics system where goods come to rest; includes plants, warehouses, supply sources, and markets.
No Location (No Loc): A received item for which the warehouse has no previously established storage slot.
Non-Certificated carrier: A for-hire air carrier that is exempt from economic regulation.
Nonconformity: Failure to fulfill a specified requirement.
Non-Negotiable BOL: Provides for the delivery of goods to a named enterprise and to no one else. Also known as a straight bill of lading.
Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier (NVOCC): A firm that offers the same services as an ocean carrier, but which does not own or operate a vessel. NVOCCs usually act as consolidators, accepting small shipments (LCL) and consolidating them into full container loads. They also consolidate and disperse international containers that originate at or are bound for inland ports. They then act as a shipper, tendering the containers to ocean common carriers. They are required to file tariffs with the Federal Maritime Commission and are subject to the same laws and statutes that apply to primary common carriers.
North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA): A free trade agreement, implemented January 1, 1994, between Canada, the United States and Mexico.
Notify Party: The name of an organization, or individual, that should be notified when a shipment reaches its destination.
Not otherwise specified/Not elsewhere specified (NOS/NES): This term often appears in ocean or airfreight tariffs respectively. If no rate for the specific commodity shipped appears in the tariff, then a general class rate (for example: printed matter NES) will apply. Such rates usually are higher than rates for specific commodities.
Obsolete Inventory: Inventory for which there is no forecast demand expected. A condition of being out of date. A loss of value occasioned by new developments that place the oldeer property at a competitive disadvantage.
Ocean Bill of Lading: The bill of lading issued by the ocean carrier to its customer.
Ocean Carrier: An enterprise that offers service via ocean (water) transport.
Offline: A computer term which describes work done outside of the computer system or outside of a main process within the corporate system.
Offshore: Utilizing an outsourcing service provider located in a country other than where the client is located.
On-Demand: Pertaining to work performed when demand is present. Typically used to describe products which are manufactured or assembled only when a customer order is placed.
One-Piece Flow: Moving parts through a process in batches of one.
One-Way Networks: The advantages generally lie with either the seller of buyer, but not with both. B2C web sites are one-way networks.
Online: A computer term which describes activities performed using computer systems.
On-Line receiving: A system in which computer terminals are available at each receiving bay and operators enter items into the system as they are unloaded.
Operating Differential Subsidy (ODS): A payment to an American-flag carrier by the U. S. government to offset the difference in operating costs between U. S. and foreign vessels.
Operating Ratio: A measure of operating efficiency defined as Operating expenses divided by the Operating revenues x 100.
Operational Performance Measurements: (1) In traditional management, performance measurements related to machine worker, or department efficiency or utilization. These performance measurements are usually poorly correlated with organizational performance. (2) In theory of contraints, performance measurements that link causally to organizational performance measurements. Throughput, inventory, and operating expense are examples. Also see: Performance Measures.
Optimization: The process of making something as good or as effective as possible with given resources and constraints.
Order: A type of request for goods or services.
Order Cycle: The time and process involved from the placement of an order to the receipt of the order.
Order Cycle Time: The time that elapses from placement of order until receipt of order. This includes time for order transmittal, processing, preparation, and shipping.
Order Entry and Scheduling: The process of receiving orders from the customer and entering them into a company's order processing system. Orders can be received through phone, fax, or electronic media. Activities may include "technically" examining orders to ensure an orderable configuration and provide accurate price, checking the customer's credit and accepting payment (optionally), identifying and reserving inventory (both on hand and scheduled), and committing and scheduling a delivery date.
Order Fill: A measure of the number of orders processed without stockouts, or the need to back order, expressed as a percentage of all orders processed in the distribution center or warehouse.
Order Management: The planning, directing, monitoring, and controlling of the processes related to customer orders, manufacturing orders, and purchase orders. Regarding customer orders, order management includes order promising, order entry, order pick, pack and ship, billing, and reconciliation of the customer account. Regarding manufacturing orders, order management includes order release, routing, manufacture, monitoring, and receipt into stores or finished goods inventories. Regarding purchase orders, order management includes order placement, monitoring, receiving, acceptance, and payment of supplier.
Order Management Costs: One of the elements comprising a company's total supply chain management costs. These costs consist of the following:
1. New Product Release Phase In and Maintenance: This includes costs associated with releasing new products to the field, maintaining released products, assigning product ID, defining configurations and packaging, publishing availability schedules, release letters and updates, and maintaining product databases.
2. Create Customer Order: This includes costs associated with creating and pricing configurations to order and preparing customer order documents.
3. Order Entry and Maintenance: This includes costs associated with maintaining the customer database, credit check, accepting new orders, and adding them to the order system, as well as later order modifications.
4.Contract/Program and Channel Management: This includes costs related to contract negotiation, monitoring progress, and reporting against the customer's contract, including administration of performance or warranty-related issues.
5. Installation Planning: This includes costs associated with installation engineering, scheduling and modification, handling cancellations, and planning the installation.
6. Order Fulfillment: This includes costs associated with order processing, inventory allocation, ordering from internal or external suppliers, shipment scheduling, order status reporting, and shipment initiation.
7. Distribution: This includes costs associated with warehouse space and management, finished goods receiving and stocking, processing shipments, picking and consolidating, selecting carriers, and staging products/systems.
8. Transportation, Outbound Freight, and Duties: This includes costs associated with all company-paid freight duties from point of manufacturer to end customer or channel.
9. Installation: This includes costs associated with verification of site preparation, installation, certification, and authorization of billing.
10. Customer Invoicing/Accounting: This includes costs associated with invoicing, processing customer payments, and verification of customer receipt.
Order Picking: Assembling a customer's order from items in storage.
Order Processing: Activities associated with filling customer orders.
Ordering Cost: The cost of placing an inventory order with a supplier.
Origin: The place where a shipment begins its movement.
Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM): A manufacturer that buys and incorporates another supplier's products into its own products. Also, products supplied to the original equipment manufacturer or sold as part of an assembly. For example, an engine may be sold to an OEM for use as that company's power source for its generator units.
Outbound Logistics: The process related to the movement and storage of products from the end of the production line to the end user.
Out-of-Pocket Cost: The cost directly assignable to a particular unit of traffic and which a company would not have incurred if it had not performed the movement.
Outlier: A data point that differs significantly from other data for a similar phenomenon. For example, if the average sales for a product were ten units per month, and one month the product had sales of 500 units, this sales point might be considered an outlier.
Outpartnering: The process of involving the supplier in a close partnership with the firm and its operations management system. Outpartnering is characterized by close working relationships between buyers and suppliers, high levels of trust, mutual respect, and emphasis on joint problem solving and cooperation. With outpartnering, the supplier is not viewed as an alternative source of goods and services (as observed under outsourcing), but rather as a source of knowledge, expertise, and complementary core competencies. Outpartnering is typically found during the early stages of product life cycle when dealing with products that are viewed as critical to the strategic survival of the firm. Also see: Customer-Supplier Partnership.
Outsource: To utilize a third party provider to perform services previously performed in house. Examples include manufacturing of products and call center/customer support.
Outsourced Cost-of-Goods Sold: Operations performed on raw material outside of the responding entity's organization that would typically be considered internal to the entity's manufacturing cycle. Outsourced cost-of-goods sold captures the value of all outsourced activities that roll up as cost-of-goods sold. Some examples of commonly outsourced areas are assembly, test, metal finishing or painting, and specialized assembly process.
Over, Short, and damaged (OS&D): This is typically a report issued at the warehouse when goods are damaged. Used to file a claim with a carrier.
Over-the-Road: A motor carrier operation that reflects long-distance moves; the opposite of local operations.
Owner/Operator: A truck driver who owns and operates his/her tractor/trailer.
Packing List: A document containing information about the location of each Product ID in each package. It allows the recipient to quickly find the item he or she is looking for without a broad search of all packages. It also confirms the actual shipment of goods on a line item basis.
Pallet: The platform which cartons are stacked on and then used for shipment or movement as a group. Pallets may be made of wood or composite materials.
Pallet Wrapping Machine: A machine that wraps a pallet's contents in stretch-wrap to ensure safe shipment.
Parcel Shipment: Parcels include small packages like those typically handled by providers such as UPS and FedEx.
Pareto: A means of sorting data. For example, the number of quality faults by frequency of occurrence. An analysis that compares cumulative percentages of the rank ordering of costs, cost drivers, profits, or other attributes to determine whether a minority of elements have a disproportionate impact. Another example: identifying that 20% of a set of independent variables is responsible for 80% of the effect. Also see: 80/20 Rule.
Part Standardization: A program for planned elimination of superficial, accidental, and deliberate differences between similar parts in the interest of reducing part and supplier proliferation. A typical goal of part standardization is to reduce costs by reducing the number of parts that the company needs to manage.
Passenger-Mile: A measure of output for passenger transportation that reflects the number of passengers transported and the distance traveled; a multiplication of passengers hauled and distance traveled.
Password: A private code required to gain access to a computer, an application program, or service.
Path to Profitability (P2P): The step-by-step model to generate earnings.
Pay on Use: Pay on use is a process where payment is initiated by product consumption, i. e., consignment stock based on withdrawal of product from inventory, This process is popular with many European companies.
Payment: The transfer of money, or other agreed upon medium, for provision of goods or services.
Payment Collection: Obtaining money, or other agreed upon medium, for provision of goods or services.
Payroll: Total of all fully-burdened labor costs, including wages, fringe, benefits, overtime, bonus, and profit sharing.
PBIT: See Profit Before Interest and Tax.
Peak Demand: The time period during which customers demand the greatest quantity.
Peer to Peer (P2P): A computer-networking environment which allows individual computers to share resources and data without passing through an intermediate network server.
Pegging: A technue in which a DRP system traces demand for a product by date, quantity, and warehouse location.
Per Diem: A payment rate one railroad makes to use another's cars.
Perfect Order: The definition of a perfect order is one which meets all of the following criteria:
* Delivered complete, with all items on the order in the quantity requested.
* Delivered on time to customer's request date, using the customer's definition of on-time delivery.
* Delivered with complete and accurate documentation supporting the order including packing slips, bills of lading and invoices.
* Delivered in perfect condition with the correct configuration, customer ready, without damage, and faultlessly installed (as applicable)
Performance and Event Management Systems: The systems that report on the key measurements in the supply chain - inventory days of supply, delivery performance, order cycle times, capacity use, etc. Using this information to identify causal relationships to suggest actions in line with the business goals.
Performance Measures: Indicators of the work performed and the results achieved in an activity, process, or organizational unit. Performance measures should be both non-financial and financial. Performance measures enable periodic comparison and benchmarking. Also see: Performance Measurement Program.
Performance Measurement Program: A performance measurement program goes beyond just having performance metrics in place. Typical characteristics of a good performance measurement program include the following:
* Metrics that are aligned to strategy, and linked to the shop floor or line-level workers.
* A process and culture that drives performance and accountability to deliver performance against key performance indicators.
* An incentive plan that is tied to performance goals, objectives, and metrics.
* Tools/technology in place to support easy data collection and use.
Permit: A grant of authority to operate as a contract carrier.
Perpetual Inventory: An inventory record keeping system where each transaction in and out is recorded and a new balance is computed.
Personal Computer (PC): An individual unit an operator uses for creating and maintaining programs and files; can often access the mainframe simultaneously.
Personal Discrimination: Charging different rates to shippers with similar transportation characteristics, or, charging similar rates to shippers with differing transportation characteristics.
Physical Distribution: The movement and storage of finished goods from manufacturing plants to warehouses to customers; used synonymously with business logistics. See Distribution.
Physical Supply: The movement and storage of raw materials from supply sources to the manufacturing facility.
Pick/Pack: Picking and packing immediately into shipment containers.
Picking: The operations involved in pulling products from storage areas to complete a customer order.
Picking by Aisle: A method by which pickers pick all needed items in an aisle regardless of the items' ultimate destination; the items must be sorted later.
Picking by Source: A method in which pickers successively pick all items going to a particular destination regardless of the aisle in which each item is located.
Pick List: A list of items to be picked from stock in order to fill an order; the pick list generation and the picking method can be quite sophisticated.
Pick to Light: A laser identifies the bin for the next item in the rack; when the picker completes the pick, the bar code is scanned and the system then points the laser at the next bin.
Pick-Up Order: A document indicating the authority to pick up cargo or equipment from a specific location.
Piggyback: Terminology used to describe a truck trailer being transported on a railroad flatcar.
Place Utility: A value that logistics creates in a product by changing the product's location. Transportation creates place utility.
Plan-Do-Check-Action (PDCA): In quality management, a four-step process for quality improvement. In the first step (plan), a plan to affect improvement is developed. In the second step (do), the plan is carried out, preferably on a small scale. In the third step (check), the effects of the plan are observed. In the last step (action), the results are studied to determine what was learned and what can be predicted. The plan-do-check-act cycle is sometimes referred to as the Shewhart cycle (Walter A. Shewhart discussed the concept in his book Statistical Method from the Viewpoint of Quality Control) and as the Deming circle (W. Edwards Deming introduced the concept in Japan; the Japanese subsequently called it the Deming circle). Synonym: Shewhart Cycle.
Also see: Deming Circle.
Planned Date: The date an operation such as a receipt, shipment, or delivery of an order is planned to occur.
Planned Order: In DRP and MRP systems, a future order the system plans in response to forecasted demand.
Plant Finished Goods: Finished goods inventory held at the end manufacturing location.
Point of Sale Information (POS): Price and quantity data from the retail location as sales transactions occur.
Point of Use Delivery: Delivery right to the production floor of an item.
Poka Yoke (mistake proof): The application of simple technues that prevent process quality failure. A mechanism that either prevents a mistake from being made or makes the mistake obvious at a glance.
Police Powers: The United States' constitutionally granted right for the states to establish regulations to protect their citizens' health and welfare; truck weight; speed, length, and height laws are examples.
Pooling: A shipping term for the practice of combining shipment from multiple shippers into a truckload in order to reduce shipping charges.
Port: A harbor where ships will anchor.
Port Authority: A state or local government that owns, operates, or otherwise provides wharf, dock, and other terminal investments at ports.
Port of Discharge: Port where vessel is off loaded.
Port of Entry: A port at which foreign goods are admitted into the receiving country.
Port of Loading : Port where cargo is loaded aboard the vessel.
Portal: A web site that serves as a starting point to other destinations or activities on the Internet. Initially thought of as a home base-type of web page, portals attempt to provide all Internet needs in one location. Portals commonly provide services such as e-mail, online chat forums, shopping, searching, content, and news feeds.
POS: Point of Shipment, or Point of Sale.
Possession Utility: The value created by marketing's effort to increase the desire to possess a good or benefit from a service.
Postponement: The delay of final activities (i. e., assembly, production, packaging, etc.) until the latest possible time. A strategy used to eliminate excess inventory in the form of finished goods which may be packaged in a variety of configurations.
Pre-Expediting: The function of following up on open orders before the scheduled delivery date to ensure the timely delivery of materials in the specified quantity.
Prepaid: A freight term which indicates that charges are to be paid by the shipper. Prepaid shipping charges may be added to the customer invoice, or the cost may be bundled into the pricing for the product.
Prepaid Freight: Freight paid by the shipper to the carrier when merchandise is tendered for shipment that is not refundable if the merchandise does not arrive at the intended destination.
Present Value: Today's value of future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate rate.
Price Erosion: What causes old-line executives to break out in a cold sweat? No question about it; traditional business models are threatened by the market efficiencies of B2B. When prices begin to plummet, the margin structures of older industries are also threatened.
Primary-Business Test: A test the ICC uses to determine if a trucking operation is bona fide private transportation; the private trucking operation must be incidental to and in the futherance of the firm's primary business.
Primary Manufacturing Strategy: Your company's dominant manufacturing strategy. The primary manufacturing strategy generally accounts for 80-plus % of a company's product volume. According to a study by Pittiglio Rabin Todd & McGrath (PRTM), approximately 73% of all companies use a make-to-stock strategy.
Private Carrier: A carrier that provides transportation service to the firm that owns or leases the vehicles and does not charge a fee. Private motor carriers may haul at a fee for wholly owned subsidiaries.
Private Label: Products that are designed, produced, controlled by, and which carry the name of the store or a name owned by the store; also known as a store brand or dealer brand. An example would be Wal-Mart's "Sam's Choice" produtos.
Private Trucking Fleets: Private fleets serve the needs of their owners, and do not ordinarily offer commercial trucking services to other customers. Private fleets typically perform distribution or service functions.
Private Warehouse: A company-owned warehouse.
Private Warehousing: The storage of goods in a warehouse owned by the company that has title to the goods.
Proactive: The strategy of understanding issues before they become apparent and presenting the solution as a benefit to the customer, etc.
Process: A series of time-based activities linked to complete a specific output.
Process Benchmarking: Benchmarking a process (such as the pick, pack, and ship process) against organizations know to be the best in class in this process. Process benchmarking is usually conducted on firms outside of the organization's industry. Also see: Benchmarking, Best in Class, Competitive Benchmarking.
Process Improvement: A design or activity which improves quality or reduces costs, often through the elimination of waste on non-value-added tasks.
Process Manufacturing: Production that adds value by mixing, separating, forming, and/or performing chemical reactions. It may be done in a batch, continuous, or mixed batch/continuous mode.
Process Yield: The resulting output from a process. An example would be a quantity of finished product output from manufacturing processes.
Procurement: The business functions of procurement planning, purchasing, inventory control, traffic, receiving, incoming inspection, and salvage operations. Synonym: Purchasing.
Product: Something that has been or is being produced.
Product Characteristics: All of the elements that define a product's character, such as size, shape, weight, etc.
Product Description: The user's description of the product.
Product Family: A group of products with similar characteristics often used in production planning (or sales and operations planning).
Product ID: A method of identifying a product without using a full description. These can be different for each document type and must, therefore, be captured and related to the document in which they were used. They must then be related to each other in context (also known as SKU, Item Code or Number, or other such name).
Production Capacity: Measure of how much production volume may be experienced over a set period of time.
Production Line: A series of pieces of equipment dedicated to the manufacture of a specific number of products or families.
Production Planning and Scheduling: The systems that enable creation of detailed, optimized plans and schedules, taking into account the resource, material, and dependency constraints to meet the deadlines.
Production-Related Material: Production-related material is an item classified as a material purchase and included in cost-of-goods sold as a raw material purchase.
Productivity: A measure of resource utilization efficiency defined as the sum of the outputs divided by the sum of the inputs.
Profit Ratio: The percentage of profit to sales--that is, profit divided by sales.
Profitability Analysis: The analysis of profit derived from cost objects with the view to improve or optimize profitability. Multiple views may be analyzed, such as market segment, customer, distribution channel, product families, products, technologies, platforms, regions, manufacturing capacity, etc.
Profitable to Promise: This is effectively a promise to deliver a certain order on agreed upon terms, including price and delivery. Profitable to Promise (PTP) is the logical evolution of Available to Promise (AtP) and Capable to Promise (CTP). While the first two are necessary for profitability, they aren't sufficient. For enterprises to survive in a competitive environment, profit optimization is a vital technology.
Profit Before Interest and Tax (PBIT): The financial profit generated prior to the deduction of taxes and interest due on loans. Also called operating profit.
Pro-forma: A type of quotation or offer that may be used when first negotiating the sales of goods or services. If the pro-forma is accepted, then the terms and conditions of the pro-forma may become the request.
Pro Forma Invoice: An invoice, forwarded by the seller of goods prior to shipment, that advises the buyer of the particulars and value of the goods. Usually required by the buyer in order to obtain an import permit or letter of credit.
Promotion: The act of selling a product at a reduced price, or a buy one/get one free offer, for the purpose of increasing sales.
Pro Number: Any progressive or serialized number applied for identification of freight bills, bills of lading, etc.
Proof of Delivery (POD): Information supplied by the carrier containing the name of the person who signed for the shipment, the time and date of delivery and other shipment delivery-related information. POD is also sometimes used to refer to the process of printing materials just prior to shipment ( Print on Demand ).
Proportional Rate: A rate lower than the regular rate for shipments that have prior or subsequent moves; used to overcome combination rates' competitive disadvantages.
Protocol: Communication standards that determine message content and format, enabling uniformity of transmissions.
Public Warehouse: The warehouse space that is rented or leased by an independent business providing a variety of services for a fee or on a contract basis.
Public Warehousing: The storage of goods by a firm that offers storage service for a fee to the public.
Public Warehouse receipt: The basic document a public warehouse manager issues as a receipt for the goods a company gives to the warehouse manager. The receipt can be either negotiable or nonnegotiable.
Pull Signal: A signal from a using operation that triggers the issue of raw material.
Pull or Pull-Through Distribution: Supply chain action initiated by the customer. Traditionally, the supply chain was pushed; manufacturers produced goods and pushed them through the supply chain and the customer had no control. In a pull environment, a customer's purchase sends replenishment information back through the supply chain from retailer to distributor to manufacturer so goods are pulled through the supply chain.
Pull Ordering System: A system in which each warehouse controls its own shipping requirements by placing individual orders for inventory with the central distribution center. A replenishment system where inventory is "pulled" into the supply chain (or "demand chain" by POS systems, or ECR programs). Associated with "build to order" sistemas.
Purchase Order (PO): The purchaser's authorization used to formalize a purchase transaction with a supplier. The physical form or electronic transaction a buyer uses when placing an order for merchandise.
Purchase Price Discount: A pricing structure in which the seller offers a lower price if the buyer purchases a larger quantity.
Purchasing: The functions associated with buying the goods and services the firm requires.
Pure Raw Material: A raw material that does not lose weight in processing.
Push Distribution: The process of building product and pushing it into the distribution channel without receiving any information regarding requirements. Also see: Pull or Pull-Through Distribution.
Push Ordering System: A situation in which a firm makes inventory deployment decisions at the central distribution center and ships to its individual warehouses accordingly.
Push Technology: Web casting (push technology) is the prearranged updating of news, weather, or other selected information on a computer user's desktop interface through periodic and generally unobtrusive transmission over the World Wide Web (including the use of the web protocol on intranet). Web casting uses so-called push technology in which the web server ostensibly pushes information to the user rather than waiting until the user specifically requests it.
Put Away: Removing the material from the dock (or other location of receipt), transporting the material to a storage area, placing that material in a staging area, and then moving it to a specific location and recording the movement and identification of the location where the material has been place.
Quality: Conformance to requirements or fitness for use. Quality can be defined through five principal approaches:
1) Transcendent quality is an ideal, a condition of excellence.
2) Product-based quality is based on a product attribute.
3) User-based quality is fitness for use.
4) Manufacturing-based quality is conformance to requirements.
5) Value-based quality is the degree of excellence to an acceptable price.
Also, quality has two major components:
a) quality of conformance - quality is defined by the absence of defects.
b) quality of design - quality is measured by the degree of customer satisfaction with a product's characteristics and features.
Quality Circle: In quality management, a small group of people who normally work as a unit and meet frequently to uncover and solve problems concerning the quality of items produced, process capability, or process control. Also see: Small Group Improvement Activity.
Quality Control: The management function that attempts to ensure that the goods or services in a firm manufacturers or purchases meet the product or service specifications.
Quality Function Deployment (QFD): A structured method for translating user requirements into detailed design specifications using a continual stream of "what-how" matrices. QFD links the needs of the customer (end user) with design, development, engineering, manufacturing, and service functions. It helps organizations seek out both spoken and unspoken needs, translate these into actions and designs, and focus various business functions toward achieving this common goal.
Quarantine: The setting aside of items from availability for use or sale until all required quality tests have been performed and conformance certified.
Quick Response (QR): A strategy widely adopted by general merchandise and soft lines retailers and manufacturers to reduce retail out of stocks, forced markdowns, and operating expenses. These goals are accomplished through shipping accuracy and reduced response time. QR is a partnership strategy in which suppliers and retailers work together to respond more rapidly to the consumer by sharing point-of-sale scan data, enabling both to forecast replenishment needs.
Radio Frequency (RF): A form of wireless communications that lets users relay information via electromagnetic energy waves from a terminal to a base station which is linked, in turn, to a host computer. The terminal can be placed at a fixed station, mounted on a forklift truck, or carried in a worker's hand. The base station contains a transmitter and receiver for communication with the terminal. RF systems use either narrow-band or spread-spectrum transmissions. Narrow-band data transmissions move along a single limited radio frequency, while spread-spectrum transmissions move across several different frequencies. When combines with a bar code system of identifying inventory items, a radio frequency system can relay data instantly, thus updating inventory records in so-called real time.
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): The use of radio frequency technology such as RFID tags and tag readers to identify objects. Objects may include virtually anything physical, such as equipment, pallets of stock, or even individual units of product.
Ramp Rate: A statement which quantifies how quickly you grow or expand an operation growth trajectory. Can refer to sales, profits, or margins.
Rationing: The allocation of product among customers, or components among manufactured goods during periods of short supply. When price is used to allocate product, it's allocated to those willing to pay the most.
Raw Materials (RM): Crude or processed material that can be converted by manufacturing, processing, or a combination thereof into a new and useful product.
Real Time: The processing of data in a business application as it happens, as contrasted with storing data for input at a later time (batch processing).
Receiving: The function encompassing the physical receipt of material, the inspection of the shipment for conformance with the purchase order (quantity and damage), the identification and delivery to destination, and the preparation of receiving reports.
Receiving Dock: Distribution center location where the actual physical receipt of the purchased material from the carrier occurs.
Reengineering: (1) A fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in performance. (2) A term used to describe the process of making (usually) significant and major revisions or modifications to business processes. (3) Also called Business Process Reengineering.
Refrigerated Carriers: Truckload carriers designed to keep perishables good refrigerated. The food industry typically uses this type of carrier.
Release-to-Start Manufacturing: Average time from order release to manufacturing to the start of the production process. This cycle time may typically be required to support activities like material movement and line changeovers.
Replenishment: The process of moving or resupplying inventory from a reserve (or upstream) storage location or facility to a primary (or downstream) storage or picking location, or to another mode of storage in which picking is performed.
Request for Information (RFI): A document used to solicit information about vendors, products, and services prior to a formal RFQ/RFP process.
Request for Proposal (RFP): A document which provides information concerning needs and requirements for a manufacturer. This document is created in order to solicit proposals from potential suppliers. For example, a computer manufacturer may use an RFP to solicit proposals from suppliers of third party logistics services.
Request for Quote (RFQ): A document used to solicit vendor responses when a product has been selected and price quotations are needed from several vendors.
Resellers: Organizations intermediate in manufacturing and distribution process such as wholesalers and retailers.
Resource Driver: In cost accounting, the best single quantitative measure of the frequency and intensity of demands placed on a resource by other resources, activities, or cost objects. It's used to assign resource costs to activities and cost objects, or to other resources.
Resources: Economic elements applied or used in the performance of activities or to directly support cost objects. They include people, materials, supplies, equipment, technologies, and facilities. Also see: Resource Driver, Capacity.
Retailer: A business that takes title to products and resells them to final consumers. Examples include Wal-Mart, Best Buy, and Safeway, but also include the many smaller independent stores.
Return Disposal Costs: The costs associated with disposing or recycling products that have been returned due to customer rejects, end of life, or obsolescence.
Return Goods Handling: Processes involved with returning goods from the customer to the manufacturer. Products may be returned because of performance problems or simply because the customer doesn't like the product.
Return Material Authorization or Return Merchandise Authorization (RMA): A number usually produced to recognize and give authority for a faulty (perhaps) good to be returned to a distribution center or manufacturer. A form generally required with a warranty/return which helps the company identify the original product and the reason for the return. The RMA number often acts as an order form for the work required in repair situations, or as a reference for credit approval.
Return on Assets (ROA): Financial measure calculated by dividing profit by assets.
Return on Sales: Financial measure calculated by dividing profit by sales.
Return Order Management Costs: The costs associated with managing Return Material Authorization (RMA). Includes all applicable elements of the Level 2 component order management cost of total supply chain management cost.
Return Product Authorization (RPA): Also called Return Material or Goods Authorization (RMA or RGA). A form generally required with a warranty/return which helps the company identify the original product and the reason for the return. The RPA number often acts as an order form for the work required in repair situations or as a reference for credit approval.
Return to Vendor (RTV): Material that has been rejected by the customer or the buyer's inspection department and is awaiting shipment back to the supplier for repair or replacement.
Returns Inventory Costs: The costs associated with managing inventory returned for any of the following reasons: repair, refurbish, excess, obsolescence, end of life, ecological conformance, and demonstration. Includes all applicable elements of the Level 2 component Inventory Carrying Cost of Total Supply Chain Management Cost.
Returns Material Acquisition, Finance, Planning, and IT Costs: The costs associated with acquiring the defective products and materials for repair or refurbishing items, plus any finance, planning, and information technology costs to support return activity. Includes all applicable elements of the Level 2 components material acquisition cost (acquiring materials for repairs), supply chain-related finance and planning costs, and supply chain management cost.
Returns Processing Cost: The total cost to process repairs, refurbished, excess, obsolete, and end-of-life products, including diagnosing problems and replacing products. Includes the costs of logistics support, materials, centralized functions, troubleshooting service requests, on-site diagnosis and repair, external repair, and miscellaneous. These costs are broken into Returns Order Management, Returns Inventory Carrying, Returns Material Acquisition, Finance, Planning, IT, Disposal, and Warranty Costs.
Returns to Scale: A defining characteristic of B2B. Bigger is better. It's what creates the "winner takes all" quality of most B2B hubs. It also places a premium on being first to market and first to achieve critical mass.
Reverse Engineering: A process whereby competitors' products are disassembled and analyzed for evidence of the use of better processes, components, and technues.
Reverse Logistics: A specialized segment of logistics focusing on the movement and management of products and resources after the sale and after delivery to the customer. Includes product returns for repair and/or credit.
Roof Fairings: An integrated air deflector mounted on the top of the cab.
Root Cause Analysis: Analytical methods to determine the core problem(s) of an organization, process, products, market, etc.
Route Trucks Delivery: Trucks that travel fixed routes.
Routing or Routing Guide: (1) Process of determining how shipment will move between origin and destination. Routing information includes designation of carrier(s) involved, actual route of carrier, and estimate time en route. (2) Right of shipper to determine carriers, routes, and points for transfer shipments. (3) In manufacturing, this is the document which defines a process of steps used to manufacture and/or assemble a product.
Routing Accuracy: When specified activities conform to administrative specifications, and specified resource consumptions (both man and machine) are detailed according to administrative specifications and are within 10% of actual requirements.
Rules: Documented definitions of how work is to be performed.
SAE: Society of Automotive Engineers.
Safety Stock: The inventory a company holds above normal needs as a buffer against delays in receipt of supply or changes in customer demand.
Salable Goods: A part of assembly authorized for sale to final customers through the marketing function.
Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP): A strategic planning process that reconciles conflicting business objectives and plans future supply chain actions. S&OP usually involves various business functions, such as sales, operations, and finance to agree on a single plan/forecast that can be used to drive the entire business.
Sales Mix: The proportion of individual product-type sales volumes that make up the total sales volume.
Sales Plan: A time-phased statement of expected customer orders anticipated to be received (incoming sales, not outgoing shipment) for each major product family or item. It represents sales and marketing management's commitment to take all reasonable steps necessary to achieve this level of actual customer orders. The sales plan is a necessary input to the production planning process (or sales and operations planning process). It is expressed in units identical to those used for the production plan (as well as in sales dollars). Also see: Sales and Operations Planning.
Sales Planning: The process of determining the overall sales plan to best support customer needs and operations capabilities, while meeting general business objectives of profitability, productivity, competitive customer lead times, and so on, as expressed in the overall business plan. Also see: Sales and Operations Planning.
Sawtooth Diagram: A quantity-versus-time graphic representation of the order point/order quantity inventory system showing inventory being received, used up, and reordered.
1) How quickly and efficiently a company can ramp up to meet demand.
2) How well a solution to a problem will work when the size of the problem increases. The economies of scale don't really kick in until your reach the critical mass, then revenues start to increase exponentially.
Scan: A computer term referring to the action of scanning bar codes or RF tags.
Scanlon Plan: A system of group incentives on a companywide or plantwide basis that sets up one measure that reflects the results of all efforts. The Scanlon plan originated in the 1930s by Joe Scanlon and MIT. The universal standard is the ratio of labor costs to sales value added by production. If there's an increase in production sales value with no change in labor costs, productivity has increased while unit cost has decreased.
Scenario Planning: A form of planning in which likely sets of relevant circumstances are identified in advance, and used to assess the impact of alternative actions.
SCOR: Supply Chain Operations Reference Model. This is the model developed by the Supply-Chain Council (SCC), and is build around six major processes: plan, source, make, deliver, return, and enable. The aim of the SCOR is to provide a standardized method of measuring supply chain performance, and to use a common set of metrics to benchmark against other organizations.
Scorecard: A performance measurement tool used to capture a summary of the key performance indicators (KPIs)/metrics of a company. Metrics dashboards/scorecards should be easy to read and usually have red, yellow, green indicators to flag when the company is not meeting its metrics targets. Ideally, a dashboard/scorecard should be cross functional in nature and include both financial and non-financial measures. In addition, scorecards should be reviewed regularly - at least on a monthly basis and weekly in key functions, such as manufacturing and distribution where activities are critical to the success of a company. The dashboard/scorecards philosophy can also be applied to external supply chain partners like suppliers to ensure that their objectives and practices align. Synonym: Dashboard.
Seasonality: A repetitive pattern of demand from year to year (or other repeating time interval), with some periods considerably higher than others. Seasonality explains the fluctuation in demand for various recreational products which are used during different seasons.
Secure Electronic Transaction (SET): In e-commerce, a system of guaranteeing the security of financial transactions conducted over the Internet.
Self Billing: A transportation industry strategy which prescribes that a carrier will accept payment based on the tender document provided by the shipper.
Self Correcting: A computer term for an online process that validates data and won't allow the data to enter the system unless all errors are corrected.
Selling, General, and Administrative (SG&A) Expenses: Includes marketing, communication, customer service, sales, salaries and commissions, occupancy expenses, unallocated overhead, etc. Excludes interest on debt, domestic or foreign income taxes, depreciation and amortization, extraordinary items, equity gains or losses, gain or loss from discontinued operations and extraordinary items.
Serial Number: A unue number assigned for identification to a single piece that will never be repeated for similar pieces. Serial numbers are usually applied by the manufacturer but can be applied at other points by the distributor or wholesaler. Serial numbers can be used to support traceability and warranty programs.
Service Level: A measure (usually expressed as a percentage) of satisfying demand through inventory or by the current production schedule in time to satisfy the customer's requested delivery dates and quantities.
Service Parts Revenue: The sum of the value of sales made to external customers and the transfer price valuation of sales within the company of repair or replacement parts and supplies, net of all discounts, coupons, allowances, and rebates.
Shared Services: Consolidation of a company's back-office processes to form a spinout (0r a separate "shared services" unit to be run like a separate business), providing services to the parent company and sometimes, to external customers. Shared services typically lower overall cost due to the consolidation, and may improve support as a result of focus.
Shareholder Value: Combination of profitability (revenue and costs) and invested capital (working capital and fixed capital).
Shelf Life: The amount of time an item may be held in inventory before it becomes unusable. Shelf life is a consideration for food and drugs which deteriorate over time, and for high-tech products which become obsolete quickly.
Shingo's Seven Wastes: Shigeo Shingo, a pioneer in the Japanese just-in-time philosophy, identified seven barriers to improving manufacturing. They are the waste of overproduction, waste of waiting, waste of transportation, waste of stocks, waste of motion, waste of making defects, and waste of the processing itself.
Shipper: The party that tenders goods for transportation.
Shipper-Carriers: Shipper-carriers (also called private carriers) are companies with goods to be shipped that own or manage their own vehicle fleets. Many large retailers, particularly groceries and "big box" stores, are shipper-carriers.
Shipping: The function that performs the tasks for the outgoing shipment of parts, components, and products. It includes packaging, marking, weighing, and loading for shipment.
Shipping Lane: A predetermined, mapped route on the ocean that commercial vessels tend to follow between ports. This helps ships avoid hazardous areas. In general transportation, the logical route between the point of shipment and the point of delivery used to analyze the volume of shipment between two points.
Shipping Manifest: A document that lists the pieces in a shipment. A manifest usually covers an entire load regardless of whether the load is to be delivered to a single destination or many destinations. Manifests usually list the items, piece count, total weight, and the destination name and address for each destination in the load.
Shop Floor Production Control Systems: The systems that assign priority to each shop order, maintaining work-in-process quantity information, providing actual output data for capacity control purposes, and providing quantity by location by shop order for work-in-process inventory and accounting purposes.
Short Shipment: Piece of freight missing from shipment as stipulated by documents on hand.
Shrinkage: Reductions of actual quantities of items in stock, in process, or in transit. The loss may be caused by scrap, theft, deterioration, evaporation, etc.
Sigma: A Greek letter commonly used to designate the standard deviation of a population.
Six-Sigma Quality: A term generally used to indicate that a process is well controlled, I. e., tolerance limits are +-6 sigma (3.4 defects per million events) from the centerline in a control chart. The term is usually associated with Motorola which named one of its key operations initiatives Six-Sigma Quality.
Skills Matrix: A visible means of displaying people's skill levels in various tasks. Used in a team environment to identify the skills required by the team and which team members possess those skills.
Slotting: Warehouse slotting is defined as the placement of products within a warehouse facility. Its objective is to increase picking efficiency and reduce warehouse handling costs through optimizing product location and balancing the workload.
Small Group Improvement Activity: An organizational technue for involving employees in continuous improvement activities. Also see: Quality Circle.
SMART: See Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time Based.
Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time Based (SMART): A shorthand description of a way of setting goals and targets for individuals and teams.
Spam: A computer industry term referring to the act of sending identical and irrelevant postings to many different newsgroups or mailing lists. Usually this posting is something that has nothing to do with the particular topic of a newsgroup or of no real interest to the person on the mailing list.
Split Delivery: A method by which a larger quantity is ordered on a purchase order to secure a lower price, but delivery is divided into smaller quantities and is spread out over several dates to control inventory investment, save storage space, etc.
Spot Demand: Demand with a short lead time that's difficult to estimate. Usually supply for this demand is provided at a premium price. An example of spot demand would be when there's a spiked demand for building materials as a result of a hurricane.
Staging: Pulling material for an order from inventory before the material is required. This action is often taken to identify shortages, but it can lead to increased problems in availability and inventory accuracy. Also see: Accumulation Bin.
Stakeholders: People with a vested interest in a company, including manager, employees, stockholders, customers, suppliers, and others.
Standard Components: Components (parts) of a product for which there is an abundance of suppliers. Not difficult to produce. An example would be a power cord for a computer.
Standard Cost Accounting System: A cost accounting system that uses cost units determined before production for estimating the cost of an order or product. For management control purposes, the standards are compared to actual costs, and variances are computed.
Standing Order: See Blanket Purchase Order.
Statement of Work (SOW): 1) A description of products to be supplied under a contract. A good practice is for companies to have SOWs in place with their trading partners - especially for all top suppliers. 2) In projection management, the first project planning document that should be prepared. It describes the purpose, history, deliverables, and measurable success indicators for a project. It captures the support required from the customer and identifies contingency plans for events that could throw the project off course. Because the project must be sold to management, staff, and review groups, the statement of work should be a persuasive document.
Statistical Process Control (SPC): A visual means of measuring and plotting process and product variation. Results are used to adjust variables and maintain product quality.
Stickering: Placing customer-specific stickers on boxes of product. An example would be where Wal-Mart has a request for their own product codes to be applied to retail boxes prior to shipment.
Stock-Keeping Unit (SKU): A category of unit with a unue combination of form, fit, and function (i. e., unue components held in stock). To illustrate: If two items are indistinguishable to the customer, or if any distinguishing characteristics visible to the customer are not important to the customer so that the customer believes the two items to be the same, these two items are part of the same SKU.
As a further illustration : consider a computer company that allows customers to configure a complete computer from a selection of standard components. For example, they can choose from three keyboards, three monitors, and three CPUs. Customers may also individually buy keyboards, monitors, and CPUs. If the stock were held at the configuration component level, the company would have nine SKUs. If the company stocks at the component level, the company would have 36 SKUs. (9 component SKUs + 3*3*3 configured product SKUs.) If, as part of a promotional campaign, the company also specially packaged the products, the company would have a total of 72 SKUs.
Straight Truck: Straight trucks do not have a separate tractor and trailer. The driving compartment, engine and trailer are one unit.
Strategic Alliance: Business relationship in which two or more independent organizations cooperate and willingly modify their business objectives and practices to help achieve long-term goals and objectives.
Sub-Optimization: Decisions or activities in part made at the expense of the whole. An example of sub-optimization is where a manufacturing unit schedules production to benefit its cost structure without regard to customer requirements or the effect on other business units.
Subcontracting: Sending production work outside to another manufacturer. This can involve specialized operations such as plating metals or complete functional operations. Also see: Outsource.
Subhauler: A subhauler drives a tractor under contract for a company. Usually a subhauler is an owner/operator or a small company.
Sunk Cost: 1) The unrecovered balance of an investment. It's a cost already paid that is not relevant to the decision concerning the future that is being made. Capital already invested that for some reason cannot be retrieved.2) A past cost that has no relevance with respect to future receipts and disbursements of a facility undergoing an economic study. This concept implies that since a past outlay is the same regardless of the alternative selected, it should not influence the choice between alternatives.
1) A provider of goods or services. Also see: Vendor .
2) A seller with whom the buyer does business, as opposed to vendor, which is a generic term referring to all sellers in the marketplace.
Supplier Certification: Certification procedures verifying that a supplier operates, maintains, improves, and documents effective procedures that relate to the customer's requirements. Such requirements can include cost, quality, delivery, flexibility, maintenance, safety, and ISO quality and environmental standards.
Supplier-Owned Inventory: A variant of Vendor-Managed Inventory and Consignment Inventory. In this case the supplier not only manages the inventory, but also owns the stock close to or at the customer location until the point of consumption or usage by the customer.
Supply Chain: (1) Starting with unprocessed raw materials and ending with the final customer using the finished goods, the supply chain links many companies together. (2) The material and informational interchanges in the logistical process, stretching from acquisition of raw materials to delivery of finished products to the end user. All vendors, service providers, and customers are links in the supply chain.
Supply Chain Design: The determination of how to structure a supply chain. Design decisions include the selection of partners, the location and capacity of warehouse and production facilities, the products, the modes of transportation, and supporting information systems.
Supply Chain Execution (SCE): The ability to move the product out of the warehouse door. This is a critical capacity and one that only brick-and-mortar firms bring to the B2B table. Dot coms have the technology, but that's only part of the equation. The need for SCE is what is driving the dot coms to offer equity partnerships to the wholesale distributors.
Supply Chain Event Management (SCEM): SCEM is an application that supports control processes for managing events within and between companies. It consists of integrated software functionality that supports five business processes: monitor, notify, simulate, control, and measure supply chain activities.
Supply Chain Integration (SCI): Likely to become a key competitive advantage of selected e-marketplaces. Similar concept to the back-end integration, but with greater emphasis on the moving of goods and services.
Supply Chain Inventory Visibility: Software applications that permit monitoring events across a supply chain. These systems track and trace inventory globally on a line-item level, and notify the user of significant deviations from the plans. Companies are provided with realistic estimates of when the material will arrive.
Supply Chain Management (SCM): Supply chain management encompasses the planning and management of all activities involved in sourcing and procurement, conversion, and all logistics management activites. Importantly, it also includes coordination and collaboration with channel partners, which can be suppliers, intermediaries, third party service providers, and customers. In essence, supply chain management integrates supply and demand management within and across companies. Supply chain management is an integrating function with primary responsibility for linking major business functions and business processes within and across companies into a cohesive, high-performing business model. It includes all of the logistics managment activities noted above, as well as manufacturing operations, and it drives coordination of processes and activities with and across marketing, sales, product design, finance, and information technology. & mdash; as defined by the Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP)
Supply Chain Network Design Systems: The systems employed in optimizing the relationships among the various elements of the supply chain manufacturing plants, distribution centers, points of sale, as well as raw materials, relationships among product families, and other factors to synchronize supply chains at a strategic level.
Supply Chain-Related Finance and Planning Cost Element: One of the elements comprising a company's total supply chain management costs. These costs consist of the following:
1. Supply-Chain Finance Costs: Costs associated with paying invoices, auditing physical counts, performing inventory accounting, and collecting accounts receivable. Does NOT include customer invoicing/accounting costs (See Order Management Costs).
2. Demand/Supply Planning Costs: Costs associated with forecasting developing finished goods, intermediate, subassembly or end-item inventory plans, and coordinating demand/supply.
Supply Chain-Related IT Costs: Information technology (IT) costs (in US dollars) associated with major supply chain management processes as described below. These costs should include:
* Development costs (costs incurred in process reengineering, planning, software development, installation, implementation, and training associated with new and/or upgraded architecture, infrastructure, and systems to support the described supply chain management processes),
* Execution costs (operating costs to support supply chain process users, including computer and network operations, EDI and telecommunications services, and amortization/depreciation of hardware)
* Maintenance costs (costs incurred in problem resolution, troubleshooting, repair, and routine maintenance associated with installed hardware and software for described supply chain management processes. Includes costs associated with database administration systems configuration control, release planning, and management).
These costs are associated with the following processes:
1. Product Data Management - Product phase-in/phase-out and release; post-introduction support and expansion; testing and evaluation; end-of-life inventory management. Item master definition and control.
2. Forecasting and Demand/Supply Manage and Finished Goods - Forecasting; end-item inventory planning, DRP, production master scheduling for all products, all channels.
1. Sourcing/Material Acquisition - Material requisitions, purchasing, supplier quality engineering, inbound freight management, receiving, incoming inspection, component engineering, tooling acquisition, accounts payable.
2. Component and Supplier Management - Part number cross references, supplier catalogs, approved vendor lists.
3. Inventory Management - Perpetual and physical inventory controls and tools.
2. Inventory Management - Perpetual and physical inventory controls and tools.
3. Manufacturing Execution - MES detailed and finite interval scheduling, process controls, and machine scheduling. DELIVER.
2 Distribution and Transportation Management - DRP, shipping, freight management, traffic management.
3. Inventory Management - Perpetual and physical inventory controls and tools.
4. Warehouse Management - Finished goods, receiving and stocking, pick/pack.
5. Channel Management - Promotions, pricing and discounting, customer satisfaction surveys.
6. Field Service/Support - Field service, customer and field support, technical service, service/call management, returns, warranty tracking.
EXTERNAL ELECTRONIC INTERFACES.
Plan/Source/Make/Deliver - Interfaces, gateways, and data repositories created and maintained to exchange supply chain-related information with the outside world. E-commerce initiatives. Includes development and implementation costs.
Note: Accurate assignment of IT-related cost is challenging. It can be done using activity-based costing methods or using other approaches, such as allocation based on user counts, transactions counts, or departmental headcounts. The emphasis should be on capturing all costs. Costs for any outsourced IT activities should be included.
Supply Chain Strategic Planning: The process of analyzing, evaluating, and defining supply chain strategies, including network design, manufacturing and transportation strategy, and inventory policy.
Supply Planning: The process of identifying, prioritizing, and aggregating, as a whole with constituent parts, all sources of supply that are required and add value in the supply chain of a product or service at the appropriate level, horizon, and interval.
Supply Warehouse: A warehouse that stores raw materials. Goods from different suppliers are picked, sorted, staged, or sequenced at the warehouse to assemble plant orders.
Support Costs: Costs of activities not directly associated with producing or delivering products or services. Examples are the costs of information systems, process engineering, and purchasing. Also see: Indirect Cost.
Surrogate [item] Driver: In ABC costing, a substitute for the ideal cost driver, but closely correlated to the ideal driver, where [item] is Resource, Activity, or Cost Object. A surrogate driver is used to significantly reduce the cost of measurement while not significantly reducing accuracy. For example, the number of production runs is not descriptive of the material-disbursing activity, but the number of production runs may be used as an activity driver if material disbursements correlate well with the number of production runs.
Sustaining Activity: An activity that benefits an organizational unit as a whole, but not any specific cost object.
SWOT Analysis: An analysis of the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of and to an organization. SWOT analysis is useful in developing strategy.
Synchronization: The concept that all supply chain functions are integrated and interact in real time; when changes are made to one area, the effect is automatically reflected throughout the supply chain.
24/7/365: Referring to operations that are conducted 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days per year, with no breaks for holidays, etc.
24/7: Referring to operations that are conducted 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
3D Loading: 3D loading is a method of space optimizing designed to help quickly and easily plan the best compact arrangement of any 3D rectangular object set (boxes) within one or more larger rectangular enclosures (containers). It's based on three-dimensional, most-dense packing algorithms.
Tactical Planning: The process of developing a set of tactical plants (e. g., production plan, sales plan, marketing plan, and so on). Two approaches to tactical planning exist for linking tactical plans to strategic plans - production planning and sales and operations planning. Also see: Sales and Operations Planning.
Taguchi Method: A concept of offline quality control methods conducted at the product and process design states in the product development cycle. This concept, expressed by Genichi Taguchi, encompasses three phases of product design, parameter design, and tolerance design. The goal is to reduce quality loss by reducing the variability of a product's characteristics during the parameter phase of product development.
Takt Time: Sets the pace of production to match the rate of customer demand and becomes the heartbeat of any lean production system. It's computed as the available production time divided by the rate of customer demand. For example, assume demand is 10,000 units per month, or 500 units per day, and planned available capacity is 420 minutes per day. The takt time = 420 minutes per day/500 units per day = 0.84 minutes per unit. This takt time means that a unit should be planned to exit the production system on average every 0.84 minutes.
Tare Weight: The weight of a substance obtained by deducting the weight of the empty container from the gross weight of the full container.
Target Costing: A target cost is calculated by subtracting the desired profit margin from an estimated or market-based price to arrive at a desired production, engineering, or marketing cost. This may not be the initial production cost, but one expected to be achieved during the mature production stage. Target costing is a method used in the analysis of product design that involves estimated a target cost, then designing the product/service to meet that cost.
Tariff: A tax assessed by a government on goods entering or leaving a country. The term is also used in transportation in reference to the fees and rules applied by a carrier for its services.
Tasks: The breakdown of the work in an activity into smaller elements.
Tender: The document which describes a business transaction to be performed.
Terms and Conditions (T's & C's): All the provisions and agreements of a contract.
Theory of Constraints (TOC): A production management theory which dictates that volume is controlled by a series of constraints related to work center capacity, component availability, finance, etc. Total throughput cannot exceed the capacity of the smallest constraint, and any inventory buffers or excess capacity at non-related work center is waste.
Third Party Logistics: Outsourcing all or much of a company's logistics operations to a specialized company.
Third Party Logistics Provider (3PL): A firm which provides multiple logistics services for use by customers. Preferably, these services are integrated or bundled together, by the provider. These firms facilitate the movement of parts and materials from suppliers to manufacturers, and finished products from manufacturers, and finished products from manufacturers to distributors and retailers. Among the services they provide are transportation, warehousing, cross docking, inventory management, packaging, and freight forwarding.
Third Party Warehousing: The outsourcing of the warehousing function by the seller of the goods.
Throughput: A measure of warehousing output volume (weight, number of units). Also, the total amount of units received, plus the total amount of units shipped divided by two.
TMS: See Transportation Management System.
Total Annual Sales: Total Annual Sales are Total Product Revenue plus post-delivery revenues (e. g., maintenance and repair or equipment, system integration) royalties, sales of other services, spare parts revenue, and rental/lease revenues.
Total Average Inventory: Average normal use stock, plus average lead stock, plus safety stock.
Total Cost Analysis: A decision-making approach that considers minimization of total costs and recognizes the inter-relationship among system variables, such as transportation, warehousing, inventory, and customer service.
Total Cost Curve: 1) In cost-volume-profit (break-even) analysis, the total cost curve is composed of total fixed and variable costs per unit multiplied by the number of units provided. Break-even quantity occurs where the total cost curve and total sales revenue curve intersect.2) In inventory theory, the total cost curve for an inventory item is the sum of the costs of acquiring and carrying the item.
Total Cost of Ownership (TCO): Total cost of a computer asset throughout its life cycle, from acquisition to disposal. TCO is the combined hard and soft costs of owning networked information assets. "Hard" costs include items such as the purchase price of the asset, implementation fees, upgrades, maintenance, contracts, support contracts, disposal costs, and license fees that may or may not be up-front or charged annually. These costs are considered "hard costs" because they are tangible and easily accounted for.
Total Cumulative Manufacture Cycle Time: Average time between commencement of upstream processing and completion of final packaging for shipment operations as well as release of approval for shipment. Does not include WIP storage time.
Calculation: [Average # of units in WIP]/[Average daily output in units] - WIP days of supply.
Total Make Cycle Time: The average processing time between commencement of upstream processing and completion of all manufacturing process steps up to, but not including, packaging and labeling operations (i. e., from start of manufacturing to final formulated product ready for primary packaging.) Does not include hold or test and release times. Calculation: [Average # of units in active manufacturing]/[Average daily output in units.]
Total Product Revenue: The total value of sales made to external customers plus the transfer price valuation of intra-company shipments, net of all discounts, coupons, allowances, and rebates. Includes only the intra-company revenue for product transferring out of an entity, installation services if these services are sold bundled with end products, and recognized leases to customers initiated during the same period as revenue shipments, with revenue credited at the average selling price.
Note: Total Product Revenue excludes post-delivery revenues (maintenance and repair of equipment, system integrations), royalties, sales of other services, spare parts revenue, and rental/lease revenues.
Total Productive Maintenance (TPM): Team-based maintenance process designed to maximize machine availability and performance and product quality.
Total Supply Chain Management Cost (five elements): Total cost to manage order processing, acquire materials, manage inventory, and manage supply chain finance, planning, and IT costs as represented as a percent of revenue. Accurate assignment of IT-related cost is challenging. It can be done using activity-based costing methods, or more traditional-based approaches. Allocation based on user counts, transaction counts, or departmental headcounts are reasonable approaches. The emphasis should be on capturing all costs, whether incurred in the entity completing the survey or in a supporting organization on behalf of the entity. Reasonable estimates founded in data were accepted as means to assess overall performance. All estimates reflected fully-burdened actuals inclusive of salary, benefits, space and facilities, and general and administrative allocations.
Calculation: [Order Management Costs + Material Acquisition Costs + Inventory Carrying Costs + Supply-Chain Related Finance and Planning Costs + Total Supply Chain-Related IT Costs]/[Total Product Revenue]
(Please see individual component categories for component detail and calculations.)
Total Supply Chain Response Time: The time it takes to rebalance the entire supply chain after determining a change in market demand. Also, a measure of a supply chain's ability to change rapidly in response to marketplace changes.
Calculation: [Forecast Cycle Time] + [Re-Plan Cycle Time] + [Intra-Manufacturing Re-Plan Cycle Time] + [Cumulative Source/Make Cycle Time] + [Order Fulfillment Lead Time]
Total Test Release Cycle Time: The average total test and release time for all tests, documentation reviews, and batch approval processes performed from start of manufacturing to release of final packaged product for shipment.
Calculation: [Average number of units in test and release]/[Average daily output in units]
Touch Labor: The labor that adds value to the product - assemblers, welders, packagers, etc. This does not include indirect resources like material handlers who move and stage product, and mechanical and electrical technicians who maintain equipment.
Tracing: The practice of relating resources, activities, and cost objects using the drivers underlying their cost causal relationships. The purpose of tracing is to observe and understand how costs are arising in the normal course of business operations. Synonym: Assignment.
Tractor: The tractor is the driver compartment and engine of the truck. It has two or three axles.
Traceability: 1) The attribute allowing the ongoing location of a shipment to be determined. 2) The registering and tracking of parts, processes, and materials used in production, by lot or serial number.
Tracking and Tracing: Monitoring and recording shipment movements from origin to destination.
Trading Partner: Companies that do business with each other via EDI (e. g., send and receive business documents such as purchase orders).
Trading Partner Agreement: The written contract that spells out agreed upon terms between EDI trading partners.
Traffic: A department or function charged with the responsibility of arranging the most economic classification and method of shipment for both incoming and outgoing materials and products.
Traffic Management: The management and controlling of transportation modes, carriers, and services.
Trailer: The part of the truck that carries the goods.
Trailer Drops: When a driver drops off a full truck at a warehouse and picks up an empty one.
Trailer on a Flat Car (TOFC): A specialized form of containerization in which motor and rail transport coordinate. Synonym: Piggyback.
Transaction: A single completed transmission, e. g., transmission of an invoice over an EDI network. Analogous to usage of the term in data processing in which a transaction can be an inquiry or a range of updates and trading transactions. The definition is important for EDI service operators who must interpret invoices and other documents.
Transaction Set: Commonly used business transactions (e. g., purchase order, invoice, etc.) organized in a formal, structured manner consisting of a transaction set header control segment, one or more data segments, and a transaction set trailer control data segment.
Transaction Set ID: A three digit numerical representation that identifies a transaction set.
Transactional Acknowledgement: Specific transaction sets, such as the Purchase Order Acknowledgement (855), that both acknowledges receipt of an order and provides special status information, such as reschedules, price changes, back order situation, etc.
Transit Time: The total time that elapses between a shipment's pickup and delivery.
Transparency: The ability to gain access to information without regard to the system's landscape or architecture. An example would be where an online customer could access a vendor's web site to place an order and receive availability information supplied by a third party outsource manufacturer or shipment information from a third party logistics provider. Also see: Visibility.
Transportation Management System: A computer system designed to provide optimized transportation management in various modes along with associated activities, including managing shipping units, labor planning and building, shipment scheduling through inbound, outbound, intra-company shipments, documentation management (especially when international shipping is involved), and third party logistics management.
Transportation Mode: The method of transportation: land, sea, or air shipment.
Transportation Planning: The process of defining an integrated supply chain transportation plan and maintaining the information which characterizes total supply chain transportation requirements, and the management of transporters, both inter - and intra - company.
Transportation Planning Systems: The systems used in optimizing assignments from plants to distribution centers, and from distribution centers to stores. The systems combine moves to ensure the most economical means are employed.
Trend: General upward or downward movement of a variable over time such as demand for a product. Trends are used in forecasting to help anticipate changes in consumption over time.
Trend Forecasting Models: Methods for forecasting sales data when a definite upward or downward pattern exists. Models include double exponential smoothing, regression, and triple smoothing.
Truck Stop Electrification (TSE): Provides power outlets at truck parking spaces in which truck drivers can simply plug in, and turn off their engines, rather than idle their truck engine.
Truckload Carriers (TL): Trucking companies which move full truckloads of freight directly from the point of origin to destination.
Truckload Lot: A truck shipment that qualifies for a lower freight rate because it meets a minimum weight and/or volume.
1) Typically refers to inventory turnover.
2) In the United Kingdom and certain other countries, turnover refers to annual sales volume. Also see: Inventory Turns.
Ubuity: A raw material that is found at all locations.
Umbrella Rate: An ICC ratemaking practice that held rates to a particular level to protect another mode's traffic.
Unbundled Payment/Remittance: The process where payment is delivered separately from its associated detail.
UNECE: United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Uniform Code Council (UCC): A US association that administrates UCS, WINS, and VICS and provides UCS identification codes and UPC codes. Also, a model set of legal rules governing commercial transmissions, such as sales, contracts, bank deposits and collections, commercial paper, and letters or credit. Individual states give legal power to the UCC by adopting its articles of law.
Uniform Product Code (UPC): A standard product numbering and bar coding system used by the retail industry. UPC codes are administered by the Uniform Code Council. They identify the manufacturer as well as the item, and are included on virtually all retail packaging. Also see: Uniform Code Council.
Uniform Resource Locator (URL): A string that supplies the Internet address of a web site or resource on the World Wide Web, along with the protocol by which the site or resource is accessed. The most common URL type is , which gives the Internet address of a web page. Some other URL types are gopher:/, which gives the Internet address of a Gopher directory, and ftp://, which gives the network location of an FTP resource.
Uniform Warehouse Receipts Act: The act that sets forth the regulations governing public warehousing. The regulations define a warehouse manager's legal responsibility and define the types of receipts he or she issues.
Unit Cost: The cost associated with a single unit of product. The total cost of producing a product or service divided by the total number of units. The cost associated with a single unit of measure underlying a resource, activity, product, or service. It's calculated by dividing the total cost by the measured volume. Unit cost measurement must be used with caution as it may not always be practical or relevant in all aspects of cost management.
Unit Load Device (ULD): Refers to airfreight containers and pallets.
Unit of Measure (UOM): The unit in which the quantity of an item is managed, e. g., pounds, each, box of 12, package of 20, or case of 144. Various UOMs may exist for a single item. For example, a product may be purchased in cases, stocked in boxes, and issued in single units.
Unit Train: An entire, uninterrupted locomotive, car, and caboose movement between an origin and destination.
United Nations Standard Product and Service Code (UN/SPSC): Developed jointly between the United Nations and Dun & Bradstreet (D&B). It has a five-level coding structure (segment, family, class, commodity, business function) for nearly 9,000 products.
United States Railway Association: The planning and funding agency for Conrail; created by the 3-R Act of 1973.
Unitization: In warehousing, the consolidation of several units into larger units into larger units for fewer handlings.
Unitize: To consolidate several packages into one unit; carriers strap, band, or otherwise attach the several packages together.
Unplanned Order: Orders which are received that do not fit into the volumes prescribed by the plans developed from forecasts.
Upsell: The practice of attempting to sell a higher-value product to the customer.
Upside Production Flexibility: The number of days required to complete manufacture and delivery of an unplanned sustainable 20% increase in end-product supply of the predominant product line. The one constraint that is estimated to be the principal obstacle to a 20% increase in end-product supply as represented in days is Upside Flexibility: Principal Constraint. Upside flexibility can affect three possible areas: direct labor availability, internal manufacturing capacity, and key components or material availability.
Upstream: Principal direction of movement for customer orders which originate at point of demand or use, as well as other flows, such as return product movements, payments for purchases, etc. Opposite of downstream.
Urban Mass Transportation Administration: A U. S. Department of Transportation agency that develops comprehensive mass transport systems for urban areas and for providing financial aid to transit systems.
Valuation Charges: Transportation charges to shippers who declare a value of goods higher than the value of the carriers' limits of liability.
Value Added: Increased or improved value, worth, functionality, or usefulness.
Value-Added Network (VAN): A company that acts as a clearinghouse for electronic transactions between trading partners. A third party supplier that receives EDI transmissions from sending trading partners and holds them in a mailbox until retrieved by the receiving partners.
Value-Added Productivity Per Employee: Contribution made by employees to total product revenue minus the material purchases divided by total employment. Total employment is total employment for the entity being surveyed. This is the average full-time equivalent employee in all functions, including sales and marketing, distribution, manufacturing, engineering, customer service, finance, general and administrative, and other. Total employment should include contract and temporary employees on a full-time equivalent (FTE) basis.
Calculation: Total Product Revenue-External Direct Material/[FTEs]
Value Adding/Non-Value Adding: Assessing the relative value of activities according to how they contribute to customer value or to meeting an organization's needs. The degree of contribution reflects the influence of an activity's cost driver(s).
Value Analysis: A method to determine how features of a product or service relate to cost, functionality, appeal and utility to a customer (i. e., engineering value analysis). Also see: Target Costing.
Value Based Return (VPB): A measure of the creation of value. It's the difference between economic profit and capital charge.
Value Chain: A series of activities, when combined, define a business process; the series of activities from manufacturers to the retail stores that define the industry supply chain.
Value Chain Analysis: A method of identifying all the elements in the linkage of activities a firm relies on the secure the necessary materials and services starting from their point of origin to manufacture, and to distribution of their products and services to an end user.
Value-of-Service Pricing: Pricing according to the value of the product the company is transporting; third-degree price discrimination; demand-oriented pricing; charging what the traffic will bear.
Value Proposition: What the hub offers to members. To be truly effective, the value proposition has to be two-sided - a benefit to both buyers and sellers.
Variable Cost: A cost that fluctuates with the volume or activity level of business.
Velocity: Rate of product movement through a warehouse.
Vendor: The manufacturer or distributor of an item or product line. Also see: Supplier.
Vendor Code: a unue identifier, usually a number and sometimes the company's DUNS number, assigned by a customer for the vendor it buys from.
Example: a grocery store chain buys Oreo cookies from Nabisco. For accounting purposes, the grocery store chain identifies Nabisco as Vendor #76091. One company can have multiple vendor codes. Example: Welch's Foods sells many different products - frozen grape juice concentrate, chilled grape juice, bottled grape juice, and grape jelly. Because each of these items is a different type of product (frozen food, chilled food, beverages, dry food), they may also have a different buyer at the grocery store chain, requiring a different vendor code for each product line.
Vendor-Managed Inventory (VMI): The practice of retailers making suppliers responsible for determining order size and timing, usually based on receipt of retail POS and inventory data. Its goal is to increase retail inventory turns and reduce stock outs.
Vertical Hub/Vertical Portal: Serving one specific industry. Vertical portal web sites are ones that cater to customers within a particular industry. Similar to the term "vertical industry," these web sites are industry specific, and, like a portal, they make use of Internet technology by using the same kind of personalization technology. In addition to industry-specific vertical portals that cater to consumers, another definition of a vertical portal is one that caters solely to other businesses.
Vertical Integration: The degree to which a firm has decided to directly produce multiple value-adding stages, from raw material to the sale of the product to the ultimate consumer. The more steps in the sequence, the greater the vertical integration. A manufacturer that decides to begin producing parts, components, and materials that it normally purchases is said to be backward integrated. Likewise, a manufacturer that decides to take over distribution and perhaps sale to the ultimate consumer is said to be forward integrated.
Vessel: A floating structure designed for transport.
Vessel Manifest: A list of all cargoes on a vessel.
Viral Marketing: The concept of embedding advertising into web portals and pop ups, and as e-mail attachments to spread the word about products or services that the target audience may not otherwise have been interested in.
Virtual Corporation: The logical extension of outpartnering. With the virtual corporation, the capabilities and systems of the firm are managed with those of the suppliers, resulting in a new type of corporation where the boundaries between the suppliers' systems and those of the firm seem to disappear. The virtual corporation is dynamic in that the relationships and structures formed change according to the changing needs of the customer.
Virtual Factory: A changed transformation process most frequently found under the virtual corporation. It's a transformation process that involves merging the capabilities and capacities of the firm with those of its suppliers. Typically, the components provided by the suppliers are hose that are not related to a core competency of the firm, while the components managed by the firm are related to core competencies. One advantage found in the virtual factory is that it can be restructured quickly in response to changing customer demands and needs.
Visibility: The ability to access or view pertinent data or information as it relates to logistics and the supply chain, regardless of the point in the chain where the data exists.
Vision: The shared perception of the organization's future - what the organization will achieve and a supporting philosophy. This shared vision must be supported by strategic objectives, strategies, and action plans to move in in the desired direction. Synonym: Vision Statement.
Voice Activated: Systems which guide users such as warehouse personnel via voice commands.
von Thunen's Belts: A series of concentric rings around a city to identify where agricultural products would be produced according to von Thunen's theory.
Voyage: The trip designation (trade route and origin/destination) identifier, usually numerically sequential.
VSA: Vessel Sharing Agreement.
Wall-to-Wall Inventory: An inventory management technue in which material enters a plant and is processed through the plant into finished goods without ever having entered a formal stock area.
Warehouse: Storage place for products. Principal warehouse activities include receipt of product, storage, shipment, and order picking.
Warehousing: The storage (holding) of goods.
Warehouse Management System (WMS): The systems used in effectively managing warehouse business processes and direct warehouse activities, including receiving, putaway, picking, shipping, and inventory cycle counts. Also includes support of radio frequency communications, allowing real-time data transfer between the system and warehouse personnel. they also maximize space and minimize material handling by automating putaway processes.
Warranty Costs: Includes materials, labor, and problem diagnosis for products returned for repair or refurbishment.
1) In just in time, any activity that does not add value to the good or service in the eyes of the consumer.
2) A by-product of a process or task with unue characteristics requiring special management control. Waste production can usually be planned and controlled. Scrap is typically not planned and may result from the same production run as waste.
Waterway Use Tax: A per-gallon tax assessed barge carriers for waterway.
Wave Picking: A method of selecting and sequencing picking lists to minimize the waiting time of the delivered material. Shipping orders may be picked in waves combined by a common product, common carrier, or destination, and manufacturing orders in waves related to work centers.
Waybill: Document containing description of goods that are part of common carrier freight shipment. Shows origin, destination, consignee/consignor, and amount charged. Copies travel with goods and are retained by originating/delivering agents. Used by carrier for internal record and control, especially during transit. Not a transportation contract.
Web: A computer term used to describe the global Internet. Synonym: World Wide Web.
Web Browser: A client application that fetches and displays web pages and other World Wide Web resources to the user.
Web Services: A computer term for information processing services that are delivered by third parties using Internet Portals. Standardized technology communications protocols; network services a collections of communication formats or endpoints capable of exchanging messages.
Web Site: A location on the Internet.
Weight Break: The shipment volume at which the LTL charges equal the TL charges at the minimum weight.
Weight Confirmation: The practice of confirming or validating receipts or shipments based on the weight.
Weight-Losing Raw Material: A raw material that loses weight in processing.
Weight-Point Plan: A supplier selection and rating approach that uses the input gathered in the categorical plan approach and assigns weights to each evaluation category. A weighted sum for each supplier is obtained and a comparison made. The weights used should sum to 100% for all categories. Also see: Categorical Plan.
Weight Unit Qualifier: The unit of measure that the user wants to see for weight.
What You See Is What You Get (WYSIWYG): An editing interface in which a file created is displayed as it will appear to an end user.
Wharfage: A charge assessed by a pier or dock owner against the cargo or a steamship company for use of the pier or dock for the handling of incoming or outgoing cargo.
Wide-Area Network (WAN): A public or private data communications system for linking computers distributed over a large geographic area.
WMS: See Warehouse Management System.
Work in Process (WIP): Parts and subassemblies in the process of becoming completed finished goods. Work in process generally includes all of the material, labor, and overhead charged against a production order which has not been absorbed back into inventory through receipt of completed products.
World Trade Organization (WTO): An organization established on January 1, 1995 replacing the previous General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade GATT that forms the cornerstone of the world trading system.
World Wide Web (WWW): A "multi-media hyper-linked database that spans the globe" providing information on desktop and handheld computers and other devices such as web compliant phones and televisions. Unlike earlier Internet services, the "web" provides more than just text combining text, pictures, sounds, and even animation in a graphical user interface for ease of navigation.
X12: The ANSI standard for inter-industry electronic interchange of business transactions.
Yield: The ratio of usable output from a process to its input.
Zone of Rate Flexibility: Railroads may raise rates by a percentage increase in the railroad cost index that the ICC determines; the railroads could raise rates by 6 percent per year through 1984 and 4 percent thereafter.
Zone of Rate Freedom: Motor carriers may raise or lower rates by 10 percent in one year without ICC interference; if the rate change is within the zone of freedom, the rate is presumed to be reasonable.
Zone of Reasonableness: A zone or limit within which air carriers may change rates without regulatory scrutiny; if the rate change is within the zone, the new rate is presumed to be reasonable.
Zone Picking: A method of subdividing a picking list by arrears within a storeroom for more efficient and rapid order picking. A zone-picked order must be grouped to a single location and the separate pieces combined before delivery, or must be delivered to different locations such as a work center.
Zone Price: The constant price of a product at all geographic locations within a zone.

Trading system terminology

TSL and RML will customize a version of TSL specific to your trading rule, style or algorithm. Contact TSL or RML for more information.
TSL has several "Special Projects" underway that are not generally made public. If you are interested in getting a early advantage in trading through these advanced technology projects, contact TSL directly. NDA's and vetting will be required. These projects are not curently available via the TSL license.
For the professional trader or institution, Single Market, Pairs, Portfolio, Daytrading or Mechanical Options Trading System development consulting services are available through our company. Examples of consulting projects are:
1. Automatically generate a trading system on the S&P 500 Futures contract using a set of patterns and indicators as well as related market data like TICK, TRIN, TIKI, Advancing Issues&Volume, Declining Issues&Volume, Put/Call ratio, VIX, etc.
2. Using the stock FLOAT, Volume, and Fundamental Information, automatically generate a market neutral Pairs Trading System.
3. Automatically generate a Trading System employing decision criteria for money management using the GP to determine optimal locations for scaling in and out of positions as well as what the adjusted number of shares or contracts should be. Compare to fixed size performance.
4. Using the Automatic Trading System Generator, produce a Credit Spread Options Trading System that optimizes Sharpe Ratio.
Please contact our research department directly at 408-356-1800 for more information on these services.